A second assessment of Brazilian Trichoptera species records is presented here. A total of 625 species were recorded for Brazil. This represents an increase of 65.34% new species recorded during the last decade. The Hydropsychidae (124 spp.), followed by the Hydroptilidae (102 spp.) and Polycentropodidae (97 spp.), are the families with the greatest richness recorded for Brazil. The knowledge on Trichoptera biodiversity in Brazil is geographically unequal. The majority of the species is recorded for the southeastern region.
The genus Macrostemum Kolenati contains 105 described species, with 15 valid species in the Neotropical region. The adults are recognized principally by wing membranes strongly marked with dark and light colors. The Neotropical species of Macrostemum were described based on the wing colors patterns and body morphology. In this paper we present a taxonomic study of the Neotropical species, descriptions of two new species from Brazil, distributional records and a key to males. The male of Macrostemum negrense Flint 1978 is described for the first time. Names of three Neotropical species, M. ramosum (Navás 1916), M. trigramma (Navás 1916), and M. triste (Navás 1916) are designated nomina dubia.
The Macrostemum Kolenati is a conspicuous genus of Trichoptera containing 18 species in the Neotropical region. This study designates a neotype of Macrostemum hyalinum, the type species of the genus, establishes the Atlantic Forest of Espirito Santo, Brazil, as the species type locality, and proposes a key to males of Neotropical species in this genus.
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