We examined the prevalence of Type A/B behavior and Emotion Profiles in 1084 employees. This report focused on the relationship between Type A behavior and eight basic emotion dimensions. Of the 1084 subjects 710 (65%) scored as Type A and 374 (34.5%) as Type B. The mean Bortner scores for all subjects were 182.8 (SD = 33.7), scores on emotional dimensions for Incorporation and Reproduction were high, and intensities for Ejection and Destruction were low; mean scores on other emotions were normal. Significant differences between Type A and Type B scores were found on six emotional dimensions. Subjects classified as Type A had ratings lower on trustful, controlled, and timid and higher on aggressive, distrustful, and uncontrolled than did persons classified as Type B. There were no differences between Type A and Type B scores on the emotion dimensions of Reproduction and Deprivation. Our data suggest multiple emotional components may comprise the Type A behavior pattern. This is important for behavioral counseling programs and early preventive efforts which could be aimed at reducing the intensity of Type A behaviors.
The associations of Type A or B behavior with age, sex, occupation, education, life needs satisfaction, smoking, and religion were studied. 242 women and 842 men, ages 21 to 64 years, (M age 42 +/- 8 yr.), completed the Bortner scale and rated on a 5-point scale their life needs satisfaction. Information on age, occupation, education, cigarette smoking, and religion were obtained from each subject. Scores for Type A and Type B behavior patterns in different age groups were very similar. Scores on Type A behavior were significantly more common in women than men. Type A behavior scores were identified in a larger proportion of managers, clerks, and in persons with university education than in manual workers and persons with only primary and secondary education. There was no difference between smokers and non-smokers and religious and nonreligious scorers. There was no difference in ratings for life needs satisfaction between persons identified as having scores on Type A and Type B behavior. The present analyses enhance our understanding of Type A behavior as related to age, sex, occupation, education, and life needs satisfaction in a Croatian sample.
We investigated heart rate and heart-rate variability in 82 patients, 60 men and 22 women (M = 54 yr., SD = 9) with acute coronary heart disease and scores on Bortner's scale at hospital admission and discharge. 48 patients were classified by their scores on Bortner's scale as Type A and 34 as Type B. Patients with acute coronary heart disease classified as Type A had a significantly lower mean heart rate than patients with acute coronary heart disease classified as Type B during the day at hospital admission and discharge and during the night at hospital discharge. Mean heart-rate variability was also significantly higher in the patients with acute coronary heart disease classified as Type A than in the patients with acute coronary heart disease classified as Type B during the day at hospital admission and discharge. The differences between two groups on the average heart rate and heart-rate variability were not significant during the night at hospital admission. In our study the patients with acute coronary heart disease classified by scores on Bortner's scale as Type A had higher vagal tone and more favorable sympathovagal balance than patients classified as Type B. This finding may have implications for the treatment of patients with acute coronary heart disease and may suggest some explanation about the protective effect of Type A behavior also.
We examined the prevalence of Type A behavior indicated on Bortner's scale and the Emotion Profiles of Plutchik in 190 patients, 134 men and 56 women (M age = 50 yr., SD = 9) with acute coronary heart disease at hospital admission and discharge. Type A classification was significantly more common for patients with acute coronary heart disease (75.5% versus 65%) than for the control group. Patients with acute coronary heart disease scored lower on Distrust and Dyscontrolled than the control group. Patients with unstable angina had significantly higher mean scores on Bortner's scale than patients with acute myocardial infarction and recurrent myocardial infarction at hospital discharge. Patients with recurrent myocardial infarction scored lower on Distrust and higher on Timid than patients with unstable angina at hospital admission and discharge. This research suggests that Type A behavior and some emotions are associated with acute coronary heart disease. There was a difference in scores on the Emotions Profiles and scores on Type A behavior in relation to type of acute coronary heart disease. The addition of counseling for Type A behavior to standard cardiac counseling was suggested for reduction in scores on Type A behavior.
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