Background. Fine-needle aspiration cytology plays a major role in the primary diagnosis of breast carcinoma. Cytological grading of the smears can provide valuable prognostic information and aid in planning the management options. Aim. To evaluate various 3-tier cytological grading systems and to determine the best possible system which is reliable and objective for use in routine practice. Materials & Methods. 72 fine-needle aspiration smears of breast carcinomas were graded by two pathologists and compared with the histologic grading by Nottingham modification of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson method. Concordance and correlation studies were done. Kappa measurement of interobserver agreement was also done. Results. Robinson's method showed a better correlation (77.7%) and substantial Kappa value of agreement (κ = 0.61) with Bloom Richardson's histological grading method in comparison to the other methods, closely followed by Fisher's method. Fisher's method showed better interobserver agreement (84.7%, κ = 0.616) compared to the other systems. Conclusions. Robinson's method of cytological grading in fine-needle aspiration smears of breast carcinoma is simpler, multifactorial, and feasible, hence being preferable for routine use according to our study.

MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective study of 100 patients in all age groups with skin lesions based on clinical data who presented to Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital, Victoria Hospital and Vani Vilas hospital attached to Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, from November 2014 to May 2015 were subjected to HRUS examination. Study design: It was a Cross sectional study. Totally 100 patients were studied from November 2014 to May 2016. Inclusion criteria: All clinically suspected patients with superficial skin lesions. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with trauma. After taking Informed consent, all patients included A B S T R A C T Introduction: In the evaluation of cutaneous lesions, High Resolution Ultrasonography (HRUS) with color Doppler is useful as a safe, noninvasive, economical, and repeatable diagnostic procedure that can reduce and replace invasive procedures like fine needle aspirations and biopsies. Analysis of the skin surface allows the investigation of tumor and inflammatory diseases, the measurement of skin thickness. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of HRUS in cutaneous lesions with histopathological correlation wherever possible. Material and Methods: A prospective study of 100 patients with skin lesions based on clinical data were subjected to HRUS examination. Collected data was analysed by descriptive statistics. Results: The study comprised of a total of 100 patients, out of which 75 were non-neoplastic and 25 were neoplastic lesions. The non-neoplastic lesions included Psoriasis, edema, lymph nodes and vascular malformations. The neoplastic lesions included 16 benign and 9 malignant cases. The observed HRUS and Doppler characteristics of these lesions are discussed in detail. Conclusion: HRUS is non-invasive, affordable, easily available, rapid imaging technology. It can be used to localize the skin lesion, generate differential diagnosis and to follow up known lesion.

Oesophageal carcinosarcoma is a rare type of oesophageal cancer composed of both epithelial and mesenchymal components, occuring with an incidence of about 0.1-1.5 % of all oesophageal tumors. Most of the cases have been reported from Japan. Very few cases have been reported from India. We report a case of 65 year old female who presented with dysphagia and weight loss. Endoscopy revealed a bulky mass and the preliminary diagnosis was oesophageal carcinoma. On histology of the surgical specimen, the tumour revealed both epithelial and sarcomatous malignant cells. A tentative diagnosis of oesophageal carcinosarcoma was made. Immunohistochemical studies showed positivity for both pancytokeratin and vimentin thus confirming the diagnosis.

Introduction: Iron deficiency is the most frequent cause of nutritional anaemia. Evaluation of parameters like serum ferritin and iron is critically important for evaluation of the iron status of patients and diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA). But in inflammatory disorders, ferritin concentration may be normal or increased due to the acute phase response, resulting in inaccurate interpretation of the iron status. Similarly, the serum Iron levels may be high in cases of thalassaemia with combined iron deficiency. Reticulocyte Haemoglobin equivalent (RET-He) which correlates to the iron content in reticulocytes is effective, convenient and provides useful information for the immediate diagnosis and treatment of iron deficient states. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of RET-He level by comparing it with the iron status of the patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in Department of Pathology at Tagore Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from December 2020 to November 2021. The complete blood count, RET-He, serum iron and serum ferritin levels of 406 patients with microcytic hypochromic anaemia and dimorphic anaemia were reviewed and RET-He levels were compared with the serum iron and ferritin levels. The p-value was calculated using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM software version 28.0. The sensitivity of RET-He and serum ferritin levels in evaluating iron deficiency were calculated. Results: Low RET-He was observed in 394 cases, low serum iron in 401 cases and reduced serum ferritin in 376 cases. Twenty one of 34 cases of IDA with concomitant inflammation showed low RET-He and serum iron, despite normal to high serum ferritin levels. Five cases of iron deficiency with concomitant Haemoglobin defect also showed low RET-He levels and serum ferritin, whereas the serum iron was raised. Low RET-He was observed in 17 cases of dual deficiency anaemia i.e., iron deficiency along with vitamin B12/folate deficiency. Conclusion: It was concluded that measurement of the reticulocyte haemoglobin content provides useful information for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of iron deficient states.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia(CAH) is a autosomal recessive genetic disorder involving adrenal hormones resulting in excessive production of androgens and hence their effects. Here we report a case of CAH which was diagnosed very late but was treated successfully. 12 years old female child came to us with ambiguous genitalia. Examination showed praders stage 4 external genitalia. Evaluated further and confirmed as a case of classic type of simple virilising congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21 hydroxylase deficiency. She was successfully treated with steroids and surgical correction was also done. Now child has also attained menarche and on follow up at our pediatric out patient department.