Ungulate protoparvovirus 1, also known as porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1), is considered to be 18 one of the major causes of reproductive failure in pig breeding herds. In addition, in pigs, other 19 parvoviruses have also been identified, including Ungulate tetraparvovirus 3 or PPV2, 20 Ungulate tetraparvovirus 2 or PPV3, and Ungulate copiparvovirus 2 or PPV4 but their 21 significance for pigs is unknown. In the present study, the prevalence of PPV1-4 was 22 investigated using a total of 231 lung and serum samples collected from slaughter houses in 13 23 provinces throughout Vietnam. The overall prevalence was 54.5% (126/231) for PPV1, 28.0% 24 (65/231) for PPV2, 17.7% (41/231) for PPV3, and 7.8% (18/231) for PPV4. While PPV1 and 25 PPV2 appeared in 11/13 provinces, PPV4 was detected in only 3/13 provinces. PPV1, PPV2 26 and PPV3 co-circulation was frequently observed with PPV1/PPV2 co-infection, 27 predominating with 20.8% (48/231). All four PPVs were only detected together in one sample 28 from Thua Thien Hue. Three nearly complete PPV4 genomes of 5,453 bp in size were obtained 29 and deposited in GenBank. Genomic alignment and comparison of the three sequences showed 30 high identities at both the nucleotide (99.5-99.6%) and the deducted amino acid levels (99.6-31 99.9%) of open reading frames 1-3 and also with Vietnamese or Chinese strains (98.9-99.3% 32 and 99.4-99.7%, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis further confirmed a close relationship 33 between Vietnamese and Chinese PPV4 strains. These results are the first to report the 34 prevalence of PPV1, PPV2, PPV3, and PPV4 and nearly complete genomic sequences of PPV4 35 in pigs from slaughterhouses in Vietnam.
The article presents the evaluation of acute and semi-chronic toxicity of medicinal fungus Cordyceps takaomontana which extract was developed by Institute of Biotechnology of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. In the course of the experiment under mice that drank water with added Cordyceps takaomontana extract, concentration of which was 975 times less than the concentration used for humans, symptoms of poisoning (signs of acute toxicity) were not revealed. Examining semi-chronic toxicity was taken under rabbits that were fed with Cordyceps takaomontana extract in doses 0.24 and 1.2 g/kg of mass once a day during 30 days. Rabbits’ general condition and mass, functions of blood, liver and kidneys, biochemical and hematological parameters have been studied; their liver and kidneys histology during and after taking Cordyceps takaomontana extract for 15 days was carried out.In the course of the study it has been found that Cordyceps takaomontana extract is absolutely not toxic. The results obtained serve a scientific justification for using fungus Cordyceps takaomontana in food and pharmaceutical production for preparing food and medicinal products.
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