A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) which stimulates the cell proliferation is abundantly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors. In this report, the promoter region of the APRIL gene was determined and the major transcription factor was investigated for the first time. Deletion analysis of 5'-flanking region of the human APRIL gene and transient transfection revealed that a 538 bp region (from -1539 to -1001) was essential for promoter activation of the APRIL gene. The data from electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) indicated that the 538 bp promoter region was responsive to the specificity protein 1 (Sp1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). Overexpression of Sp1 or NF-kB increased the activity of the APRIL promoter. Mithramycin A (inhibitor of Sp1) and Bay11-7082 (inhibitor of NF-kB) exhibited an inhibitory activity to APRIL promoter. Our results will benefit to the APRIL gene regulation investigation and contribute to discover new drug target for the APRIL gene therapy of CRC.
Employing the graphene sheets (GSs), the electron scattering constants are measured in the high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging by the scanning transmission electron microscopy. Single scattering is found to be dominant until the layer number of 200, complying with a simple relation of I = Io(1 - e(-tau/lambda)). The discrete layer counting of the GSs enables precise determination of incident depths. This work results values of lambda = 48.2, 61.4, 97.9 and 115.6 nm for 80, 120, 160 and 200 keV electrons, respectively. The uncertainties with the mean free paths and the cross sections are confined to 10 percent. The dependences on the electron beam energy and the collection angle are discussed based on a multislice simulation.
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