This study was designed to investigate the potentially protective effects of Curcuma longa Linn. extract (CLE) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with 50 or 100 mg/kg of CLE or 100 mg/kg of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for 14 days before CCl 4 administration. In addition, the CLE control group was pretreated with 100 mg/kg CLE for only 14 days. Three hours after the final treatment, a single dose of CCl 4 (20 mg/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally to each group. After the completion of this phase of the experiment, food and water were removed 12 h prior to the next step. The rats were then anesthetized by urethane and their blood and liver were collected. It was observed that the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities of the serum, and the hepatic malondialdehyde levels had significantly decreased in the CLE group when compared with the CCl 4 -treated group. The antioxidant activities, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, in addition to glutathione content, had increased considerably in the CLE group compared with the CCl 4 -treated group. Phase II detoxifying enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase, were found to have significantly increased in the CLE group as opposed to the CCl 4 -treated group. The content of Nrf2 was determined by Western blot analysis. Pretreated CLE increased the level of nuclear translocated Nrf2, and the Nrf2 then increased the activity of the antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzymes. These results indicate that CLE has protective effects against CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity in rats, via activities of antioxidant and phase II detoxifying enzymes, and through the activation of nuclear translocated Nrf2.Keywords: Curcuma longa Linn. extract, carbon tetrachloride, hepatotoxicity, antioxidant, phase II detoxifying enzyme, nuclear factor-erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) -, H 2 O 2 , and · OH, which damage the liver [27,36]. These ROS are eliminated by antioxidants and phase II detoxifying enzymes such as glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) [25,39]. Upregulation of many phase II detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes is mediated by antioxidant response elements (ARE). The transcription factor nuclear factorerythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a pivotal role in the activation of ARE-driven antioxidant gene expression [6]. Nrf2 is a member of the "cap 'n' collar"

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The kinetics of oxidation of isoniazid in acidic medium was studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction between QDC and isoniazid in acid medium exhibits (4:1) stoichiometry (QDC:isoniazid). The reaction showed first order kinetics in quinolinium dichromate (QDC) concentration and an order of less than unity in isoniazid (INH) and acid concentrations. The oxidation reaction proceeds via a protonated QDC species, which forms a complex with isoniazid. The latter decomposes in a slow step to give a free radical derived from isoniazid and an intermediate chromium(V), which is followed, by subsequent fast steps to give the products. The reaction constants involved in the mechanism are evaluated. Isoniazid was analyzed by kinetic methods in pure and pharmaceutical formulations.

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The kinetics of ruthenium(III) catalyzed oxidation of L-valine by permanganate in alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength has been studied spectrophotometrically. The reaction between permanganate and L-valine in alkaline medium exhibits 2:1 stoichiometry (KMnO4:L-valine). The reaction shows first-order dependence on the concentration of permanganate and ruthenium(III) and less than unit-order dependence on the concentrations of L-valine and alkali. The reaction rate increases both with an increase in ionic strength and a decrease in solvent polarity of the medium. Initial addition of reaction products did not significantly affect the rate. A mechanism involving the formation of a complex between catalyst and substrate has been proposed. The activation parameters were computed with respect to the slowest step of the mechanism.Key words: oxidation, L-valine, catalysis, ruthenium(III), kinetics.

Mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by Pd/PdO NPs.

A library of novel 4-[4-(4-nitrophenoxy)phenyl]-5-substituted-2H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones containing different substituents at the 5-position is synthesized. The mechanochemical treatment is followed to synthesize target compounds 8 (ap), and the yields are compared by both the grinding method and the conventional method. The structure of the intermediate, isothiocyanato-4-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene 6, is analyzed by single crystal X-ray studies. The title compounds are characterized by spectral and elemental analyses and further evaluated for their efficacy as anthelmintics in vitro. Compounds 8c, 8j, 8k, 8l, and 8m exhibit significant anthelmintic activity.