Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used to support the ground laterally so that it can be held at different levels on both sides [1]. Retaining walls are considered all technical works, which allow the implementation of a sharp change in the level of the earth's surface, in such a way that the ground-construction system presents limited displacement or is marginally restrained. Support structures are mainly used in cases of disruption of soil continuity resulting from an excavation, below the natural surface of the ground, such as when building roads in a difficult geographical terrain with steep slopes. It is also common for them to be used in the construction of basements in urban areas, when there are other buildings or roads around the perimeter. In special cases, functional reasons impose the local elevation of the ground surface with grounding in the area around the construction, such as on bridge piers or in port projects, so it becomes necessary to support the soil mass. Finally, the construction of retaining walls becomes necessary to stabilize and protect natural slopes that present kinematic instability. The purpose of the present work is to compare the cost of constructing three retaining walls (gravity, cantilever, braced) subject to identical ground pressures. The retaining walls were designed using the same finite element software (GEO5), taking into account common parameters for the soil stress, the strength properties of the soil mass, the wall material as well as the diameter of the reinforcing steel bars, so that the results can be absolutely comparable. The market research that followed produced interesting conclusions on the comparison of the cost estimates for the three retaining walls
Greece is divided into three earthquake hazard zones: Zone I, Zone II and Zone III. In the present research work, the same building in the three seismic zones in Greece was modeled, analyzed and dimensioned. Then, the construction cost of its structural body was estimated. The building modeling was performed in SAP2000 using frame elements. The analysis of the building was performed by dynamic spectral analysis methods using the design spectrum EC8. A five-story building with a standard rectangular floor plan per floor was used. The purpose of this research paper is to demonstrate whether the cost of construction of a load-bearing body of a reinforced concrete (R/C) building is influenced by the area of an earthquake hazard through a comparative analytical estimation of construction costs. It was determined if this impact is important and to what extent. Helpful conclusions were drawn in relation to the influence of seismicity on the construction cost of the load-bearing structure of R/C buildings. Furthermore, the probable environmental impact was examined.
Education as a concept includes every effort to train and develop people and their skills by applying the appropriate tools. One type of education is the formal, which includes a logically built and organized curriculum that is under the jurisdiction of state mechanisms. However, there is also a non-formal education which, unlike the formal one, refers to all organized educational programs that take place outside the institutional framework of formal education and are usually voluntary and short in duration. It is mainly addressed to adults and does not have to provide a document certifying education in this field. In this context, the present work, adopting the research methodology based on design, aims to develop and formulate a mobile augmented reality game in the form of escape room/s targeting to train engineers. "Escape Rooms" is the name of an interesting trend of modern times that has flourished in the last decade in many countries around the world. These are puzzle and composition games, in which participants are asked to work together and solve problems using the information that exists in the room/s in order to unlock the door and escape. These types of games belong to the broader category of escape games, but differ from the rest due to the live interaction they provide with the environment. The main benefits of these games are the promotion of collaboration, the development of problem-solving strategies, critical thinking, imagination and creativity, elements that are necessary for the professional activity of an engineer. Escape rooms require teamwork, communication, initiative, as well as critical thinking and attention to detail along with an ability to apply a wide range of knowledge and effective methods under the pressure of time. The purpose of this paper is the evaluation of advanced students, through a series of high level and content of polytechnic questions, in the context of group collaborations that are formed during the coexistence of students in escape rooms, where an augmented reality is incorporated. Finally, the aim of this work is the implementation and evaluation of one or more thematic escape rooms regarding the mobilization, satisfaction and involvement of polytechnic students in puzzles and problems that require significant engineering knowledge.
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