The purpose of this study was to determine whether oncology nurses experience higher levels of burnout compared to nurses working in general hospitals, and to further identify the personal and environmental factors that contribute to the development of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment. Seven tools, measuring a selected set of demographic, psychological and occupational variables, were administered to 217 female nurses who worked in oncological hospitals and 226 nurses who worked in general hospitals in the area of Athens. Measures used in the study included the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Hardiness Scale, the Ways of Coping Scale, the Life Style Scale, the Type A Behaviour Scale, a Job Stress Questionnaire and a General Information Questionnaire. No statistically significant difference was revealed in the degree of burnout experienced by nurses in oncology and those in general hospitals. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that personality characteristics seem to predict a greater percentage of the variability of the burnout experienced than occupational and demographic variables. A sense of personal control over the things that happen in life and in the work environment was found to protect nurses from emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of personal accomplishment.
Atopy, which predisposes individuals to develop asthma, severe systemic anaphylaxis, and atopic dermatitis, is usually associated with dramatically elevated total serum IgE levels and is thought to be controlled by a major susceptibility gene and multiple minor susceptibility genes. A recent sib-pair analysis revealed a tight linkage between markers on 5q31.1 and a major susceptibility gene controlling total serum IgE levels. Due to its location within this cluster and its biologic role in Ig class switching and Th2 cell differentiation, the IL-4 gene has emerged as one major candidate for the atopy gene. In one model, polymorphisms within IL-4 regulatory elements might result in overexpression of the gene, amplifying Th2 cell differentiation and class switching to IgE. In support of this model, we report that the human IL-4 promoter exists in multiple allelic forms that exhibit distinct transcriptional activities in IL-4-positive T cells. A particular allele has an unusually high transcriptional activity. A nucleotide substitution within a recently described OAP40 element located just upstream of an NF-AT site (P sequence) appears to be largely responsible for the increased promotor strength of this particular allelic form of the IL-4 promoter. In EMSAs, this substitution results in a markedly enhanced affinity for sequence-specific complexes exhibiting an AP-1 specificity. The identification of allelic nucleotides, which results in overexpression of the IL-4 gene, provides specific targets for a comprehensive screening of atopic and nonatopic individuals and may provide a clue for genetic predisposition for atopy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.