The novel mRNA-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 display encouraging safety and efficacy profiles. However, there is a paucity of data regarding their immunogenicity and safety in patients with liver diseases (PWLD), especially in those with cirrhosis. We prospectively assessed anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-spike IgG antibodies and neutralizing activity in fully vaccinated PWLD (n = 87) and controls (n = 40). Seroconversion rates were 97.4% (37/38) in cirrhotic PWLD, 87.8% (43/49) in non-cirrhotic PWLD and 100% (40/40) in controls. Adequate neutralizing activity was detected in 92.1% (35/38), 87.8% (43/49) and 100% (40/40) of cirrhotics, non-cirrhotics and controls, respectively. On multivariable analysis, immunosuppressive treatment was negatively correlated with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers (coefficient (SE): −2.716 (0.634), p < 0.001) and neutralizing activity (coefficient (SE): −24.379 (4.582), p < 0.001), while age was negatively correlated only with neutralizing activity (coefficient (SE): −0.31(0.14), p = 0.028). A total of 52 responder PWLD were reassessed approximately 3 months post-vaccination and no differences were detected in humoral responses between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic PWLD. No significant side effects were noted post vaccination, while no symptomatic breakthrough infections were reported during a 6-month follow up. Overall, our study shows that m-RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are safe and efficacious in PWLD. However, PWLD under immunosuppressive treatment and those of advanced age should probably be more closely monitored after vaccination.

Background: The arterial pathology and mechanisms of increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in HCV-infected individuals are not yet clear. The aim of this study was to identify types of arterial pathology in treatment-naive chronic HCV patients and to test their reversibility after successful treatment. Methods: Consecutive, never-treated, HCV-infected patients were compared with age and CVD-related risk factors, matched controls, healthy individuals (HI), patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and people living with HIV (PLWH), in terms of arterial stiffening by pulse wave velocity, arterial atheromatosis/hypertrophy by carotid plaques/intima-media thickness and impaired pressure wave reflections by augmentation index. After three months of sustained virological response (SVR) administered using direct-acting antivirals, vascular examination was repeated in HCV-infected patients to test drug and viral-elimination effect in subclinical CVD. Results: Thirty HCV patients were examined at baseline; fourteen of them were re-examined post-SVR. Compared with HI, HCV patients had significantly more plaques, which is similar to that of RA patients and the PLWH group. No other differences were found in all other vascular biomarkers, and regression among HCV patients also revealed no differences 3 months post-SVR. Conclusions: Accelerated atheromatosis, rather than arterial stiffening, arterial remodeling and peripheral impaired hemodynamics is the underlying pathology leading to increased CVD risk in HCV patients.

Background: Evidence suggests marginal superiority of static aortic systolic blood pressure (aSBP) compared with brachial SBP regarding the association with organ damage and prognosis of cardiovascular disease. The noninvasive 24-hour aSBP assessment is feasible and associates better with presence of left ventricular hypertrophy compared with 24-hour brachial systolic blood pressure. We aimed at comparing the association of 24-hour aSBP and 24-hour brachial systolic blood pressure with indices of arterial damage and examining the role of 24-hour SBP amplification variability (within-subjects’ SD) in this association. Methods: Consecutive subjects referred for cardiovascular disease risk assessment underwent 24-hour aortic and brachial ambulatory BP monitoring using a validated oscillometric device (Mobil-O-Graph). Arterial damage was assessed by carotid intima-media thickness and detection of carotid and femoral atheromatosis (plaque presence). Results: Cross-sectionally 501 individuals (aged 54±13 years, 57% men, 80% hypertensives) were examined. Multivariable analysis revealed superiority of 24-hour aSBP regarding the association with intimal-medial thickness, carotid hypertrophy and carotid—but not femoral—atheromatosis. In receiver operator characteristics analysis, 24-hour aBP displayed a higher discriminatory ability—compared to 24-hour brachial systolic blood pressure—for the detection of both carotid hypertrophy (area under the curve, 0.662 versus 0.624, P <0.05) and carotid atheromatosis (area under the curve, 0.573 versus 0.547, P <0.05). This effect was more prominent in individuals with above-median 24-hour SD of SBP amplification. Conclusions: Our results suggest that 24-hour aSBP assessment may be of significant value in clinical practice to detect site-specific arterial damage on the basis of pressure amplification variability and should be prospectively examined in clinical trials.