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monophyletic group together with isolates from Mongolia and Altai according to phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin sequences. The hemagglutinin homology of H3N8 isolates from Kazakhstan and A/eq/Richmond/1/2007 vaccine strain was 86.07% and with A/eq/Ohio/2003 vaccine strain was 86, 24%. In the case of H1N1 isolates from Kazakhstan, the highest hemagglutinin homology was with isolates from Europe. The homology with the A/California/07/2009 (H1N1) vaccine strain was 81.27%. Important amino acids of cleavage and receptor binding sites were not variable in both H3 and H1 subtypes. The investigation of antigenic sites showed presence of variations in all five sites for H3 subtype and in 4 sites for H1.

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MLO proteins are a family of transmembrane proteins in land plants that play an important role in plant immunity and host–pathogen interactions, as well as a wide range of development processes. Understanding the evolutionary history of MLO proteins is important for understanding plant physiology and health. In the present work, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis on a large set of MLO protein sequences from publicly available databases, specifically emphasising MLOs from the tomato plant and related species. As a result, 4886 protein sequences were identified and used to construct a phylogenetic tree. In comparison to previous findings, we identified nine phylogenetic clades, revealed the internal structure of clades I and II as additional clades and showed the presence of monocotyledon species in all MLO clades. We identified a set of 19 protein motifs that allowed for the identification of particular clades. Sixteen SlMLO proteins from tomato were located in the phylogenetic tree and identified in relation to homologous sequences from other Solanaceae species. The obtained results could be useful for further work on the use of MLO proteins in the study of mildew resistance in Solanaceae and other plant families.

Grapes are an important fruit crop in Kazakhstan. Modern viticulture requires inclusion of traditional morphological and agronomical methods in the development and sustaining of grapevine culture as well as molecular approaches. We used molecular markers and leaf shape analysis to characterize grapevine cultivars developed in Kazakhstan compared with European and Asian varieties. A set of 17 landmarks describing grapevine leaf shape were analyzed using generalized procruste and principal component analyses in order to evaluate shape variation among cultivars. Mean leaf shapes were obtained for 94 cultivars. Outer tip pattern had the most impact on leaf shape variation. Principal component analysis revealed the complex nature of grapevine leaf shape variation and demonstrated the differential impact of leaf landmarks on shape variation. The standard set of six simple sequence repeat markers used for molecular genotyping was sufficient to differentiate each of the cultivars by a distinct allelic profile. Kazakh grapevine cultivars were found to be an admixture of European and Asian varieties. However, for some cultivars, there was no confirmation of identity with respect to pedigree either by bibliography or comparison with the Vitis International Variety Catalogue. Also, 11 markers for resistanceassociated alleles in corresponding loci (RUN1, REN1, REN3, Rpv3, Rpv10, and Rpv12) were applied to characterize Kazakhstan and some parent cultivars with different levels of resistance to mildew pathogens.

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