Importance of addressing dissatisfied consumers has increased very much these days because of intense competition due to establishment of new kind of stores and offering many kinds of customer services by service providers. This study focuses on effects of attitudinal and perceptional variables (attitude toward complaining, prior complaint experience, perceived possibility of success and customer"s loyalty) on Consumer Complaining Behavior (CCB). Model of this research is to complete the attitudinal or behavioral perspective and consumer complaining behavior literature in the frame work. A total of 232 people were asked to become the part of this study through a self administered questionnaire from Bahawalpur City. ISSN 2164-4063 2013 www.macrothink.org/ijld 122 This study uses a non-probability sampling technique that is convenience sampling. Regression results shown that attitude toward complaining, perceived possibility of success and customer loyalty had significant positive impact on consumer complaining behavior but relation between prior complaint experience and CCB was not proved to be significant. Careful studies have been carried out in order to validate conceptual frame-work that can be taken as an initial point to understand the concepts of Consumer Complaining Behavior (CCB). International Journal of Learning & Development
The X Field steam-injection project is the world's first full-field steam-injection project based on thermally assisted gas/oil gravity drainage (TAGOGD) in a fractured carbonate field. The project scope includes drilling some wells and installing facilities to treat water and generate around 18,000 tonnes per day of steam. Additional facilities will be built to process the incremental oil and gas produced at the field as well as disposing of excess produced water in deep reservoirs. The EOR recovery process being applied TAGOGD is based on injecting steam into the formation's fractures to heat the low-permeability oil-bearing rock. This feature of the project allows the number of wells, and hence development costs, to be kept to a minimum. In other hand, the flow assurance issue across the facilities will be challenging, and managing scaling issues and inhibition require a host of solutions especially on the economics of scale management. A history of scaling as a lesson learnt had been gathered during Pilot steam back to a couple years ago and current cold production experiences is captured. At the moment, the incompatibility of various water stream indicated scaling deposition are majority dominated by carbonate and less sulphate. The strategy of integrated mitigation for all possible scaling for the next facilities scenario whether from water treatment and oil production facilities have been implemented and assessed during engineering design, while the type of inhibitor have been identified base on dynamic tube blocking tests and the potential risk have been registered. In the end, win-win economics approach is modeled base on water and fluid composition, various pressure and temperature. Introduction X Field is located in central Oman south of the western Hajar Mountains. This large oil accumulation is trapped in shallow Cretaceous limestone units at a depth of around 200–400m subsea. The anti-clinal structure is a result of a deep salt diaper, with significant crestal faulting and fracturing. The field was discovered in around 1970 and contained 16° API oil with a viscosity of 220cP has been produced from the 29% porosity, low permeability (5–14mD) limestone. During the primary production the first year showed a large peak in oil mainly from emptying of the fracture network with a minor contribution from fluid expansion due to pressure reduction. At the end of the first year, production had declined to a very low sustainable rate interpreted to be from gravity drainage, from a combination of gas-oil (GOGD) from the secondary gas cap and oil-water (OWGD) below the fracture gas-oil contact (FGOC). The reservoir then consists of a matrix with very little drainage and a fracture network with a thin oil rim below the secondary gas cap and above the fracture oil-water contact (FOWC), Figure 1. Primary production performance such as that of X Field is only expected to recover some 3–5% of the oil in place over any reasonable time frame due to low matrix permeability and high oil viscosity on gravity drainage rates. Recoveries via steam were discounted as development options due to the pervasive fracturing observed in the field which would encourage the flooding agents to completely bypass the matrix. Generally, formation of mineral scale associated with the production of hydrocarbon has been a concern in oilfield operation, especially on steam EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) operation. Depending on the nature of the scale and the fluid composition, the deposition can take place within the reservoir which causes formation damage or in the production facilities where blockage can cause severe operational problems. The two main types of scale which are commonly found in the oilfield are carbonate and sulphate scales. Meanwhile formation of carbonate scale is associated with the pressure and pH changes of the production fluid, the occurrence of sulphate scale is mainly due to the mixing of incompatible water stream.
Background: Placenta is a vigorous, energetic, resourceful organ which in most cases of placental insufficiency is showing compensatory changes in response to an unfavourable maternal milieu, .The present study is an attempt to find out the morphological and histopathological changes in the placentas of hypertensive patients. Methods: The study was conducted on 60 cases of pregnant women admitted and delivered in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Subharti Medical College Meerut. The patients were divided into two groups. Control group included cases with normal blood pressure and study group included cases having blood pressure more than 140/90 mmHg. Placentas of each group were kept in separate container filled with 10% formalin solution for at least one week. At the onset of examination, placental size, thickness & weight is recorded. Results: The result reveals the mean placental area ± SD in placenta of control group was 240.5 ± 51.7% and in study groups was 206.3 ± 67.4% (p<0.05). The mean placental thickness ± SD in the control group was 2.3 ± 0.4% and in the study group was 2.8 ± 0.6% (p<0.001). The mean placental weight ± SD in the control group was 390.3 ± 49.0% and in the study group was 346.7 ± 97.4% (p<0.05). Conclusion: Placenta is a mirror which reflects the intrauterine status of the fetus. The examination of the placenta gives a clear idea of what had happened with it, when it was in the mother's womb and what is going to happen with the fetus in the future.
Despite being one of the most populated cities globally, the air quality of Karachi is hardly ever comprehended. The present paper investigates the outdoor concentrations of 10 air pollutants, viz. NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, O3, CH4, methane carbon, non-methane hydrocarbons, and total hydrocarbons at three different city sites, viz., Sohrab Goth, Defense Housing Authority, and North Nazimabad. The results demonstrate that these pollutants severely affected the city's air quality. The annual mean concentrations of both NO2 and SO2 exceeded the WHO guidelines at some study sites. The city experiences varied concentrations of major air pollutants because three types of fuel, viz. diesel, gasoline, and compressed natural gas, operate the motor vehicles in this conurbation. The study also correlates the various air pollutants with each other and with various meteorological factors. All the three oxides of nitrogen are statistically associated at all three sites with one another, with SO2 at Defense Housing Authority, with CO at North Nazimabad, and with meteorological factors at Sohrab Goth and Defense Housing Authority. Carbon monoxide is statistically associated with the meteorological factors only at North Nazimabad. The study suggests that higher air pollution in the city is due to the adoption of lenient vehicular emission standards because stringent emission standards cannot be adopted due to the non-availability of low or zero sulfur fuel. Moreover, ineffective regulation of exiting standards also contributes to higher vehicular emissions in the city.
Purpose: Karachi is the third most populous city globally, inhabiting over 20 million people. Its air quality is hardly ever comprehended despite ever-increasing vehicular and industrial emissions. The present paper investigates the outdoor concentrations of 10 air pollutants, viz. NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO, O3, CH4, methane carbon, non-methane hydrocarbons, and total hydrocarbons at three sites of the city and their relationship with meteorological parameters. Method: All ten air pollutants were measured continuously for 24 hours at all three city sites by the Air Quality Monitoring Station, equipped with the Horiba AP-370 series, which has a built-in calibration solenoid valve for calibration simply by connecting the calibration gas. The meteorological parameters were measured simultaneously by the device installed outside the station. The data were then transferred to a computer for analysis. Results: The results demonstrate that these pollutants severely affected the city’s air quality. The annual mean concentrations of both NO2 and SO2 exceeded the WHO guidelines at some sites. The city experiences varied concentrations of major air pollutants because three fuels, viz. diesel, gasoline, and compressed natural gas operate the motor vehicles in this conurbation. The study also correlates the air pollutants with each other and with meteorological factors. All three nitrogen oxides are related to each other at all three sites, with SO2 at Defense Housing Authority, CO at North Nazimabad, and meteorological factors at Sohrab Goth and Defense Housing Authority. Conclusion: The higher air pollution in the city is due to the adoption of lenient vehicular emission standards. Stringent emission standards cannot be adopted because of the non-availability of low or zero sulfur fuel. Moreover, ineffective regulation of exiting standards also contributes to higher vehicular emissions in the city.
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