Objectives: Objectives: Fungal rhinosinusitis is one of the important healthcare problems and its incidence and prevalence are increasing over the past three decades. It affects approximately 20% of the population at some time in their lives. We aimed to identify and characterize the microorganisms causing non-invasive rhinosinusitis and to correlate the findings with the clinical profile of patients. Methods: Clinically suspected cases of rhinosinusitis were enrolled in the study and detailed clinical history was taken. Samples like nasal mucosa, nasal crusts, scrapings / excised nasal polyps, and biopsy were collected. The specimens were processed for fungal culture. Isolates were identified as per standard protocols. Results: A total of 74 patients clinically suspected of rhinosinusitis were enrolled in our study out of which 60.8% were males. The most common presenting complaint was nasal obstruction (91.8%) followed by nasal discharge (77%). Clinically characterizing, the most common type of non-invasive rhinosinusitis seen in our study was allergic rhinosinusitis (44.6%). KOH positivity was 45.6% and fungal culture positivity was 30.4%. The most common fungal isolate was Aspergillus flavus. Conclusion: Continuous and periodic evaluation of the microbiological patterns of isolates is necessary to decrease the potential risk of complications by early institution of appropriate treatment.
Otitis externa & otitis media are notorious ear infections and a major health problem in developing countries causing serious local damage and threatening complications. Early and effective treatment based on the knowledge of causative microorganisms and their antimicrobial sensitivity can ensure prompt clinical recovery and possible complications can thus be avoided.To identify & characterize the microorganisms causing otological infections & to correlate the findings with the clinical profile of patients. Clinically suspected cases of otological infections were enrolled in the study and the ear discharge was obtained using two separate pre‑sterilized swabs. They were processed for aerobic culture and sensitivity. Drug susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.Among 126 otological cases enrolled, mostly were males. Most affected age group was 51-60 years, Ear discharge, ear pain and feeling of fullness were the commonest presenting symptoms. Clinically 65% were classified into otitis media and 35% into otitis externa. Unsafe Chronic suppurative otitis media was the commonest type. Most common bacterial isolate on culture was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (47.1%). Gram positive bacteria were predominant isolates in otitis externa, while Gram negative bacteria were more common in Otitis media. Antimicrobial profile of Gram negative isolates revealed maximum sensitivity to piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactum, imipenam and ciprofloxacin. All Gram positive isolates were sensitive to vancomycin, teicoplanin & linezolid. Continuous and periodic evaluation of microbiological pattern and antibiotic sensitivity of isolates is necessary to decrease the potential risk of complications by early institution of appropriate treatment.
Background: Typhoid fever remains a major global health problem in low-and middle-income countries. It affects millions of children and adults globally each year with high prevalence in South Asia. Up to 1% of patients who get typhoid may die of the disease and, in those that survive, a prolonged period of ill health and catastrophic financial costs to the family may follow. The treatment of typhoid fever is complicated by the emergence of widespread antibiotic resistance. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid strains, and subsequent international spread, adds urgency to this problem. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella spp. is now listed as a high (Priority 2) pathogen by World Health Organisation. Thus, judicious use of antimicrobials for treatment and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoint of the drugs according to the latest guidelines before prescribing the treatment along with the use of combinations of antimicrobials may prove useful for effectively treating typhoid fever and might also help to mitigate the ever-increasing problems of drug resistance.
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