Caprification is the process of hanging caprifig fruits on edible fig trees to transfer the pollen inside the caprifig to the edible fig via the wasp (Blastophaga psenes) living in the caprifig. It needs to be repeated several times for the proper fruit set of edible figs. The present study was conducted to determine the change in the number of Blastophaga psenes, the duration of Blastophaga’s exit, and pollen viability in case the caprifigs to be used in the caprification process are stored until use. The number of Blastophaga and in vitro pollen viability were tested at day 0 (harvest day) and after 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days of storage at three different temperatures (0, 4, and 8 °C). Afterwards, the effect of pollination frequency on the edible fig fruit set and quality was determined by using Blastophaga psenes as a vector in the pollination of stored caprifig fruits, pollinating five times with 4-day intervals and three times with 8-day intervals. Approximately a 50% reduction in the number of B. psenes was detected after 4 (180.22), 12 (174.11) and 16 (192.66) days of caprifigs storage at 0, 4, and 8 °C, respectively. The pollen germination percentage of the caprifigs increased with storage and was higher in those stored at 8 °C (43.96%) and 4 °C (41.70%). The highest fruit set was obtained when the caprifigs stored at 4 °C (76.41%) and 8 °C (71.38%) five times with 4-day intervals were used for pollination. The pollination practice repeated five times with 4-day intervals resulted in a lower proportion of extra-large fruits with a weight of >100 g, a higher proportion of fruits with no or slight ostiole damage and early ripening of fruits. These results suggest that B. psenes and pollen viability can be preserved by storing caprifigs at 4 or 8 °C and that fruit set and fruit characteristics would be positively affected with the use of stored caprifigs in the pollination practice repeated five times with 4-day intervals.
Bu çalışma çöğür anacı olarak kullanılan Kaman-1 ve Serr çeşitleri ile Keles genotipi üzerine aşılı ‘Chandler’ çeşidinin fenolojik, verim ve pomolojik özellikler yönünden incelenmesi amacıyla 2019-2021 yılları arasında yapılmıştır. Ağaçlarda fenolojik özellik olarak tomurcuk kabarması, tomurcuk patlaması, yapraklanma, erkek ve dişi çiçeklerde reseptiflik tarihleri kaydedilmiştir. . Meyvelerde pomolojik özellik olarak ise meyve ağırlığı, meyve büyüklüğü, randıman ve çürük-büzük oranı değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada Keles üzerine aşılı ağaçlarda yapraklanma, erkek ve dişi çiçek oluşumu diğer anaçlara aşılı ağaçlara göre daha geç gerçekleşmiştir. Chandler çeşidinde anaçların etkisi önemli bulunmuş ve Kaman-1 ile Serr anacına aşılı ağaçlardan daha yüksek değerler elde edilmiştir. Anaçların meyve kalite özelliklerinden iç ağırlığı, randıman oranı, kabuk kalınlığı ve çürük meyve oranı üzerine etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle sert kabuklu meyvelerde ekonomik yönden önemli parametreler olarak kabul edilen yüksek randıman oranı ve düşük çürük meyve oranı yönünden Serr ve Keles anaçlarının daha iyi sonuçlar verdiği tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde verim ve meyve kalite parametreleri yönünden Serr anacının performansının araştırmada kullanılan diğer anaçlara göre daha iyi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Çalışma, basık şeftali ve basık nektarin çeşitlerinin performanslarını değerlendirmek amacıyla 2016-2018 yılları arasında Bursa-Görükle koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada GF 677 anacı üzerine aşılı Plane Ring, Plane Summer, Plane Gem, Plane Sun, Plane Delicious, Plane Silver, Plane Gold, Plane Super, Plane Star, Plane 222, Plane Top basık şeftali çeşitleri; Platerina 110 ve Platerina 264 basık nektarin çeşitleri yer almıştır. Basık çeşitlerin fenolojik gelişim aşamaları, yaprak kıvırcıklığı yaygınlık oranı ve pomolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Tam çiçeklenme en erken Plane Ring ve Plane Summer çeşitlerinde, en geç ise Plane Gold ve Plane Silver çeşitlerinde meydana gelmiştir. Plane Ring (14 Haziran) ve Plane Summer (25 Haziran) çeşitleri en erken, Plane Top ve Platerina 264 (19 Ağustos) ise en geç hasat edilen çeşitler olmuştur. Yaprak kıvırcıklığı yaygınlık oranı % 25.00 (Plane Gold) ile %76.70 (Platerina 264) arasında değişmiştir. Meyve ağırlığı, meyve boyutu ve et/çekirdek oranı yönünden Plane Sun çeşidi daha yüksek değerler verirken, Platerina 110 çeşidi daha düşük değerler vermiştir. Meyve eti sertliği değerleri 2,94-5,52 kg cm-2 arasında değişmiş, Plane Super (5.52 kg cm-2) ve Plane Gold (5.51 kg cm-2) çeşitlerinden daha yüksek değerler elde edilmiştir. Çeşitlerin suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı (SÇKM) %13.37 -%18.12; titre edilebilir asit içeriği 0.20 g 100-1 ml -0.71 g 100-1 ml ve olgunluk indeksi 23.09 -82.22 arasında değişmiştir. Araştırmanın yürütüldüğü Bursa ili şeftali yetiştiriciliğinde önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Bu nedenle ülkemiz için yeni sayılabilecek basık şeftali-nektarin çeşitlerinin performanslarının Bursa koşullarında incelenmesi ve elde edilen sonuçların paylaşılması yetiştiricilere ve araştırıcılara ışık tutacaktır.
The winter and spring frosts are an important problem in some walnut cultivation areas. The frost damage of male and female flowers results in low fruit set and yield. The temperature dropped -17.2 °C in January 2021 in the Yenişehir, Bursa, an important walnut production area in North-Western Turkey. The present study was carried out to determine the natural frost damage on male flowers of some walnut cultivars and the effectiveness of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) pollination, which has been developed and used in artificial pollination studies recently, on fruit set and fruit characteristics. In the experiment, two pollen concentrations (T1: 5% pollen two times; T2: 5% pollen in the first, 20% pollen in the second time) and the open pollination (control) were tested. Observations showed that frost damage on male flowers varied from 57.31% (Ronde de Montignac) to 99.33% (Franquette). The initial fruit set was significantly higher in the T1 (87.74%) followed by T2 (83.89%). The final fruit set in T2 (75.16%) was higher than the T1 (74.11%), but the difference was insignificant. The box and whisker plot shows that UAV pollination treatments (T1, T2) increased the fruit set, but it was not uniform on the tree compared to open pollination. The highest nut weight, thickness, and length were obtained from control, followed by T1. The results showed that the fruit set was higher in pollination with UAV, and using less pollen (T1) was sufficient. The research results provide support for UAV treatment on supplementary pollination for walnut.
The present study aimed to evaluate the pomological and phenological traits, as well as yield potential and incidence of external defects of some domestic ('Bilecik,' 'Maraş 12', 'Maraş 18', 'Şebin,' 'Şen1') and foreign walnut cultivars ('Chandler,' 'Fernette,' 'Fernor,' 'Howard,' 'Pedro,' 'Serr') grown in Bursa (northwest in Turkey) conditions in 2014-2020. The first leafing was observed in Maraş 12, Serr, Şebin, and Maraş 18 cultivars, while Fernette and Fernor were the last leafing cultivars. The female blooming period of the cultivars was recorded the longest in Maraş 18 (15 days), and Şebin (16 days) was the shortest in Bilecik and Serr (10 days). The male flower blooming period was recorded the longest in Chandler, Fernette, Bilecik, and Şebin (16-18 days) and was the shortest in Maraş 12 and Serr (10 days). The average yield per tree of cultivars ranged between 1.87 kg (Şebin) and 14.21 kg (Pedro). Walnut blight was observed on average 15.85%, sunburn in 10.21%, codling moth in 5.11%, anthracnose in 3.23%, and bird damage in 2.35% of the fruits. The sound nut percent ranged from 40.06% (Şen 1) to 76.50% (Chandler). The nut weight of cultivars was between 9.91 g (Maraş 12) and 16.27 g (Şen 1). Kernel percent varied from 36.31% (Şen 1) to 53.56% (Maraş 12). The principal component analysis conducted to distinguish the cultivars suggests that the most important factors could be reduced to five components. The results showed that Maraş 12, Chandler, Fernor, and Howard were suitable cultivars for commercial cultivation in Bursa conditions.
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