It is assumed that the rice grain yields can be increased by using the optimum number of seedlings per hill during transplant. In order to know the effect of the number of seedlings hill-1 on the performance and yield of spring rice, a field experiment was conducted from February to June 2020 at Rajapur municipality, Bardiya, Nepal. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising five treatments viz., one, two, three, four, and five seedlings hill-1 with four replications. Hardinath-1 variety of rice was used at a spacing of 20cm*20cm, with an individual plot size of 3m*2m. Data for growth parameters, yield attributes, and yield were collected. All the data was entered and tabulated using MS-Excel while Analysis of variation and mean separation was done using R-Studio. The effect of number of seedlings hill-1 on yield and most of the yield attributing characters was found to be significant. Two seedlings hill-1 had the greatest plant height (94.78 cm), highest tiller per meter square (358.75), effective tiller per meter square (303.75), panicle length (24.27 cm), and the number of filled grains per panicle (120.43). Grain yield and straw yield (6.57 t/ha and 10.18 t/ha) were also highest at two seedlings per hill. Economic parameters like production cost, gross return, the net return, and B:C ratio varied significantly with the number of seedlings hill-1. The highest production cost (74.36 thousand NRs. ha-1) incurred at five seedlings hill-1 and gross return (177.39 thousand NRs. ha-1), net return (105.67 thousand NRs. ha-1), and B:C ratio (2.47) was highest at two seedlings hill-1.
A study was conducted in Shivasatakshi municipality of Jhapa district to assess the economic impact of agricultural mechanization in rice farming in 2020. Altogether, 40 rice farmers were selected randomly and surveyed using a semi-structured interview schedule. Based on the use of machinery, farmers were categorized into mechanized and non-mechanized farmers. Cost and revenue were calculated among both categories. T-test was used to compare the mean cost and revenue between mechanized and non-mechanized rice farmers. The average cost of production of rice was NRs.87,215.50/ha. The cost of human labor was found higher in both categories (more than 40%). The average total cost of production was lower in mechanized farms (NRs.67,191.74/ha) as compared to non-mechanized farms (NRs. 1, 07,239.27/ha). The contribution of rice grain and straw to the overall revenue was 98.53% and 1.46% respectively. The average revenue from production was calculated to be NRs.1, 21,879.25/ha. The average gross revenue was greater in mechanized farms (NRs.1,26,042.90/ha) than non-mechanized farms (NRs. 1, 22,067.00/ha). The benefit-cost ratio was observed higher in the mechanized rice farms (1.898) than non-mechanized farms (1.143). The findings of the study showed that mechanized rice farming reduced the cost of production by lowering down human labor cost and increased the profitability of the enterprise. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt machinery for rice cultivation in Shivasatakshi municipality, Jhapa.
This study measured the level of technical efficiency among smallholder ginger growers and examined the determinants of inefficiency by employing the stochastic frontier production function. The paper used a simple random sampling technique to interview 100 ginger farmers in Ilam, a leading ginger-producing district in Nepal, with the help of a pretested interview schedule. The STATA.13 software was used to obtain both stochastic frontier estimates and the determinants of technical inefficiency. The results revealed that the average farm-level technical efficiency is 67.8% which shows the scope of increasing the technical efficiency by 32.2%. The coefficients of seed and farmyard manure were positive and showed significant relation to ginger output at a 1% and 5% level of significance, respectively. Education level, training, and membership in cooperatives had a negative and significant impact on technical inefficiency, whereas areas under ginger production had a positive impact on technical inefficiency. Hence, improving the technical knowledge of farmers through training on optimum input use complemented with motivation to join agriculture cooperatives and farmer’s associations may increase the technical efficiency of ginger growers in the study area.
Introduction: Administration of an intravenous contrast medium, which is used in various routine hospital procedures, can lead to the development of nephropathy in some patients. This contrast-induced nephropathy is one of the most common reasons for hospital-acquired acute kidney injury. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of contrast-induced nephropathy among patients administered with contrast material at a tertiary care centre. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 4 March 2022 to 23 May 2022 at a tertiary care centre after taking ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 0812202106). Patients administered with an intravenous contrast medium for diagnostic imaging were included in the study. Data including sociodemographic variables and renal function test results were collected. A convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate was done and 95% Confidence Interval was calculated. Results: Among 174 participants, contrast-induced nephropathy was found in 86 (48.31%) (48.24-48.39, 95% Confidence Interval). Conclusions: The study showed that the prevalence of contrast-induced nephropathy was higher than findings from other studies done in a similar setting.
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