Many of'the lubricants used in the world today cause environmental pollution through total-loss applications, spillage, evaporation, and in other ways. To reduce this environmental damage, new lubricants that are rapidly biodegradable and ecologically non-toxic have started to be developed and marketed. This paper discusses the introduction of environmentally fr-iendly lubricants and their constituents, with particular emphasis on their environmental benefits, applications, the limits to their use, their technical peiformance characteristics, and relative cost aspects; many of these lubricants are based on segetable oils and esters. Comparisons are also made in the paper with conventional mineral-oil based materials.Keywords lubricants, envirorimental pollution, biodegradability, vegetable oils, ester-based litbricaiits J.

The use of PTFE-faced pads in large vertical axis hydro-generators was pioneered in Russia in the 1970s, prompted by a series of failures of conventional babbitt-faced bearings. Some advantages claimed include higher specific loading, lower power loss and the omission of oil-lift facilities. There is strong interest in the Industry concerning this material, but limited data are available on actual performance. Some results from extensive testing of PTFE-faced pads are given, for two sizes of pad. These are compared directly size-for-size with results for babbitt bearings of nominally the same area. The power losses for the two types of bearing were found to be almost identical. Some of the effects observed during testing are described and discussed, including the effect of creep. The test results are compared with predictions using the GENMAT analysis software. A method of allowing for creep in numerical modeling is discussed.

This paper presents measured and calculated characteristics of a tilting pad journal bearing suitable for high speed machiney. Descriptions are given of the experimental techniques used with this variety of bearing and the theoretical model for predicting peformance.Measured values of pad temperature, eccentricity, attitude angle, and the four stiffness coefficients are given for a range of loads and rotational speeds. Data are given for both load on pad and between pad configurations, the two principal loading arrangements.Comparisons are made between the measured and predicted bearing temperatures and sttffness coefficients over a wide range of values.

One of the intportant restrictions governing the design of tiltingpad ttrrncsl beari11g.v iS the lnaximum allowable white metal temperatitre. However, cr(leqz~ate guidance on typical pad operating temperahrres h m not been available in established lubrication handbooks. New pad tenlperattcre data from 12 test bearings have been co~ribined with previously published work to provide a source of infonuntion covering a diverse range of proven bearing types and size.s.The collected infornzation has been presented as the difference between the ~nrwimum pad and oil supply temperatures at fixed values (f bearing pressure against mean sliding speed. Clear trends have beerzfiunrl in the (lala which have enabled curves of typical Oenring perfomnnce to be drawn through the test results. The differences betrueen the type of k~bricant feed ("flooded" or "low 1o.s.s"l"rlircctcrl") (~n d the pivot position (center or offset) have been highlighted.

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Mechanism of Action 1.2. Water‐Miscible Cutting Fluids 1.2.1. Composition 1.2.2. Corrosion Protection and Corrosion Test Methods 1.2.3. Concentration of Water‐Mixed Cutting Fluids 1.2.4. Stability of Coolants 1.2.5. Foaming Properties 1.2.6. Preservation of Coolants with Biocides 1.3. Neat Cutting Fluids 1.3.1. Specifications 1.3.2. Composition 1.4. Application 1.4.1. Machining with Geometrically Defined Cutting Edges 1.4.2. Machining with Geometric Non‐Defined Cutting Edges 1.5. Storage 1.6. Environmental Aspects 1.7. New Trends in Coolant Technology 2. Forming Lubricants 2.1. Sheet Metal Working Lubricants 2.1.1. Deep Drawing 2.1.2. Stretch Drawing and a Combination of Stretch and Deep Drawing 2.1.3. Shear Cutting 2.1.4. Choice of Lubricants 2.1.5. Sheet Metal Forming in Automobile Manufacturing 2.2. Lubricants for Wire, Tube, and Profile Drawing 2.2.1. Wire Drawing 2.2.2. Profile Drawing 2.2.3. Tube Drawing 2.2.4. Hydroforming 2.3. Lubricants for Rolling 2.3.1. Rolling Steel Sheet 2.3.2. Rolling Aluminum Sheet 2.3.3. Rolling of Other Materials 2.4. Lubricants for Solid Metal Forming