In order to investigate sequences of tobacco Nacetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI), involved in targeting to and retention in the plant Golgi apparatus the cytoplasmic transmembrane stem (CTS) region of the enzyme was cloned in frame with the cDNA of the green fluorescent protein (gfp) and subsequently transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) based expression vector. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed small fluorescent vesicular bodies in CTS-gfp expressing cells, while gfp alone expressed in control plants was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm. The CTS-gfp fusion protein colocalised with immunolabelling observed by an antibody specific for the Golgi located plant Lewis a epitope. Furthermore, treatment with brefeldin A, a Golgi specific drug, resulted in the formation of large fluorescent vesiculated areas. These results strongly suggest a Golgi location for CTS-gfp and as a consequence our findings reveal that the N-terminal 77 amino acids of tobacco GnTI are sufficient to target to and to retain a reporter protein in the plant Golgi apparatus and that TMV based vectors are suitable vehicles for rapid delivery of recombinant proteins to the secretory pathway.z 1999 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

The identification of the AIP-RET complex represents a starting point to study key cellular processes involved in RET-induced apoptosis.

We chose the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), a pituitary heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone, as a model to assess the ability of the plant cell to express a recombinant protein that requires extensive N-glycosylation for subunit folding and assembly, intracellular trafficking, signal transduction and circulatory stability. A tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) based transient expression system was used to express a single-chain (sc) version of bovine FSH in the tobacco related species Nicotiana benthamiana. Preparations of periplasmic proteins from plants infected with recombinant viral RNA contained high levels of sc-bFSH, up to 3% of total soluble proteins. Consistently, in situ indirect immunofluorescence revealed that the plant cell secreted the mammalian secretory protein to the extracellular compartment (EC). By mass spectrometric analysis of immunoaffinity purified sc-bFSH derived from EC fractions, we found two species of the plant paucimannosidic glycan type, truncated forms of complex-type N-glycans. Stimulation of cAMP production in a CHO cell line expressing the porcine FSH receptor acknowledged the native-like structure of sc-bFSH and a sufficient extent of N-glycosylation required for signal transduction. Furthermore, in superovulatory treatments of mice, sc-bFSH displayed significant in vivo bioactivity, although much lower than that of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin. We conclude that plants may have a broad utility as hosts for the recombinant expression of proteins even where glycosylation is essential for function.Keywords: plant; tobacco mosaic virus; recombinant glycoprotein hormone; single-chain FSH.The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a pituitary glycoprotein hormone that regulates the ovarian follicle and testicular tubule development in all vertebrate species [1,2]. Together with luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and chorionic gonadotropin (CG), FSH forms the glycoprotein hormone family, which is the structurally most complex hormone family in the animal kingdom. These hormones are composed of two noncovalently associated subunits, a common a subunit, and an unique b subunit that confers biological specificity to each of these hormones. Each subunit forms intrachain disulfide bridges and carries two N-linked oligosaccharides, which are necessary for proper folding, subunit assembly and secretion of the hormones [3,4]. The carbohydrate components of these hormones are also obligatory for signal transduction, although deglycosylated analogs show preserved receptor binding [5,6]. Moreover, the N-linked carbohydrate chains of natural pituitary FSH exhibit considerable variation in both size and structure, including the degree of terminal sialyation and/or sulfation [7]. The functional significance of this diversity of isoforms is not yet fully understood, but sialic acid seems to be the major determinant for the circulatory stability of FSH by preventing its rapid clearance mediated by the hepatic asialo-glycoprotein receptor [8] (reviewed in [9]). In the case of L...

The yeast split-ubiquitin system has previously been shown to be suitable to detect protein interactions of membrane proteins and of transcription factors in vivo. Therefore, this technology complements the classical split-transcription factor based yeast two-hybrid system (Y2H). Success or failure of the Y2H depends primarily on the ability to avoid false-negative and false-positive hits that become a limiting factor for the value of the system, especially in large scale proteomic analyses. We provide here a systematic assessment of parameters to help improving the quality of split-ubiquitin cDNA-library screenings. We experimentally defined the optimal 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) concentration as a key parameter to increase the reproducibility of interactions and, at the same time, to keep non-specific background growth low. Furthermore, we show that the efficacy of the 5-FOA selection is modulated by the plating density of the yeast clones. Moreover, a reporter-specific class of false-positive hits was identified, and a simple phenotypic assay for efficient de-selection was developed. We demonstrate the application of this improved system to identify novel interacting proteins of the human Frizzled 1 receptor. We identified several novel interactors with components of the Wnt-Frizzled signalling pathways and discuss their potential roles as direct mediators of Frizzled receptor signalling. The present work is the first example of a split-ubiquitin interaction screen using an in-situ expressed receptor of the serpentine class, emphasizing the suitability of the described improvements in the screening protocol.

The identification of receptors for small molecules is of great pharmaceutical importance for drug-discovery research. Several systems for the identification of protein-small-molecule interactions have been developed in the past. These were modifications of the classical yeast two-hybrid system, relying on a transcriptional read-out following nuclear translocation of the complex. Here we present a novel three-hybrid technology based on the split-ubiquitin system for the analysis of protein-small-molecule interactions independently of a nuclear translocation of the complex. The performance of the system is compared to a method based on the classical yeast two-hybrid system by using a chemical inducer of dimerization (CID) comprised of methotrexate linked to dexamethasone. Steric issues are addressed by varying the linker length of the compounds, as well as by comparing the orientation of fusion proteins. The system is further extended to the analysis of a small-molecule inhibitor of human PCTAIRE protein kinase 3, which is related to cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), an important class of pharmaceutical targets.

The tyrosine kinase receptor RET51 is expressed in distinct families of neurons where it promotes different functions. FKBP52 is an immunophilin with neuroprotective effects on different kinds of neurons. In this paper, we demonstrate that RET51 activation by both glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and NGF triggers the formation of RET51/FKBP52 complex. The substitution of the tyrosine 905 of RET51, a key residue phosphorylated by both GDNF and NGF, disrupts the RET51/FKBP52 complex. NGF and GDNF have a functional role in dopaminergic (DA) neurons where RET51 and FKBP52 are expressed with a yet undefined function. To clarify if RET51/FKBP52 complex should exert its function in DA neurons, we used an indirect approach by screening the genes encoding for RET51 and FKBP52 in a group of 30 Parkinson's disease patients. The degeneration of DA neurons is the main feature of PD, which is associated to a complex multifactorial aetiology combining environmental, age-related and genetic factors. We found a compound heterozygous carrying two mutations in RET and FKBP52 that are sufficient to disrupt the RET51/FKBP52 complex, indicating its potential role in PD.

No abstract

Modern information technologies and in particular the internet have revolutionized the patent information professionals' work in terms of speed of access and information comprehensiveness from both company internal and external digital sources. Here, I describe how the digital mindmapping technique can be used to complement existing intellectual property management software solutions to meet the challenge of optimizing and managing patent search workflows as well as to rapidly organise and access highly dynamic, heterogeneous and scattered patent information sources. Both eye catching and highly memorable and at the same time self-explanatory mindmapping examples are presented. These were designed to include basic and advanced level digital mindmapping features tailored to significantly speed up and maintain a high work quality level of patent search professionals. A special emphasis is put on the great benefit of organising and accessing the plethora of internet-based worldwide online patent registers through mindmapping, both in terms of managing the constantly changing deep links to the actual search options for e.g., legal status information, and keeping track of the offered level of content