Background-Even today, infective endocarditis (IE) remains a severe and potentially fatal disease demanding sophisticated diagnostic strategies for detection of the causative microorganisms. Despite the use of appropriate laboratory techniques, classic microbiological diagnostics are characterized by a high rate of negative results. Methods and Results-Broad-range polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting bacterial and fungal rDNA followed by direct sequencing was applied to excised heart valves (nϭ52) collected from 51 patients with suspected infectious endocarditis and from 16 patients without any signs of IE during an 18-month period. The sensitivity, specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values for the bacterial broad-range PCR were 41.2%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 34.8%, respectively, compared with 7.8%, 93.7%, 80.0%, and 24.2% for culture and 11.8%, 100.0%, 100.0%, and 26.2% for Gram staining. Without exception, database analyses allowed identification up to the (sub)species level comprising streptococcal (nϭ13), staphylococcal (nϭ4), enterococcal (nϭ2), and other signature sequences such as Bartonella quintana and Nocardia paucivorans. Fungal ribosomal sequences were not amplified. All valve tissues of the reference group were negative for both PCR and conventional methods, except one sample that was contaminated by molds. Conclusions-Culture-independent molecular methods substantially improve the diagnostic outcome of microbiological examination of excised heart valves. Importantly, this was true not only for fastidious, slow-growing, and/or nonculturable microorganisms but also for easy-to-culture pathogens such as streptococci and staphylococci. Both patient management and empiric antibiotic therapy of IE are likely to benefit from improved knowledge of the spectrum of pathogens now causing IE.

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Intraoperative RF energy application for induction of contiguous lesion lines is feasible. Elimination of anatomically defined "anchor" reentrant circuits within the left atrium prevented chronic AF in > 80% of the patients treated. Intraoperative validation of lesion line concepts for curative treatment of AF may be transferred to percutaneous ablation techniques.

Background: Heart transplantation is the most effective treatment for well-selected patients with endstage heart failure. Unfortunately, transplant candidates with pulmonary hypertension (PHT) are often not considered for heart transplantation. This study was performed to assess the value of prostaglandin E (PG-E ) for reduction of PHT and to predict the postoperative outcome, compared to patients without PHT. Patients and methods: We studied a group of 151 consecutive heart transplant candidates using right heart catheterization. In patients with PHT (pulmonary vascular resistance, PVR02.5 Wood-Units (WU) andyor transpulmonary gradient (TPG)012 mmHg) a short-term treatment protocol with PG-E was performed, to achieve 1 PVR-2.5 WU and TPG-12 mmHg. Results: 61 patients (40%) had PHT according to our criteria. Reduction of PHT was successful in 71% of patients (ns43), of these, 18 patients underwent cardiac transplantation and the 1-year mortality rate was 22% (ns4). The 1-year mortality rate in transplanted patients without PHT was 14% (ns3). There was no statistical difference in survival between the PHT and the non-PHT group. Outcome in patients without heart transplantation was similar in both groups, except for patients with non-reducible PHT (1-year mortality 50%). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the efficacy and safety of PG-E in lowering PHT in heart transplant candidates, as well as the need for aggressive evaluation and treatment 1 in these patients. Patients with reversible PHT have comparable post-transplant outcomes and no tendency to higher acute right ventricular failure.

Background-Whether patients with heart failure derive a benefit from therapy with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) has been questioned. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class had an impact on the potential benefit from ICD therapy as assessed from data stored in the memory of ICDs. Methods and Results-Between 1989 and 1996, 603 patients (77% men; 59% with coronary artery disease and 16% with dilated cardiomyopathy; age, 57Ϯ13 years; ejection fraction, 44Ϯ18%) were treated with an ICD with extended memory function (storage of electrograms and/or RR intervals from treated episodes) in combination with endocardial lead systems. The stages of heart failure (NYHA functional class I through III) at implantation were correlated with overall mortality and the recurrence of fast ventricular tachyarrhythmias (Ͼ240 bpm) during follow-up. The potential benefit of the device was estimated as the difference between overall mortality and the hypothetical death rate had the device not been implanted. The latter was based on the recurrence of fast and, without termination by the devices, presumably fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias. In the overall group, a significant difference between hypothetical death rate and overall mortality was observed (13.9%, 23.5%, and 26.6% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively) that suggested a benefit from ICD implantation. In patients in NYHA class I, the estimated benefit, which increased over time, was 15.2%, 29.2%, and 35.6% after 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. In patients in NYHA class II or III, the estimated benefit increased until the third year (21.8% and 21.9%, respectively) and then remained constant until the fifth year (22.9% and 23.8%, respectively). Even those patients in NYHA class III with a history of decompensated heart failure benefited from ICD implantation. Conclusions-Analysis of stored ECG data suggests that in patients with a history of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, ICD therapy may lead to a prolongation of life in NYHA classes I through III. The initial benefit is greatest in patients in NYHA class II and class III, but the estimated benefit might persist longest for patients in NYHA class I.

Both surgical techniques may be performed with comparable perioperative and mid-term results, but the better cosmetic result in the minimally invasive group is paid by a longer duration of surgery.

ES in patients with mechanical prosthetic cardiac valves correspond mainly to gas bubbles. Oxygen inhibits the cavitation process of mechanical prosthetic heart valves or speeds up redissolution of gas bubbles generated by cavitation. In contrast, solid microemboli originating from thrombus or atheroma cannot be suppressed by oxygen inhalation. This simple method of oxygen inhalation should help to clarify the composition of microemboli in various clinical and experimental settings.

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