In the present paper, the results of "Sanitser" Life European project are presented. The aim of this study was to reduce the firing temperature for ceramic body (from 1250 to 1170 °C). This was achieved substituting feldspar and quartz with recycled blend materials and a little percentage of flux (less than 3%); in a sanitary ware vitreous china formulation a waste glass, granitic materials and fired broken ceramic pieces were introduced. Tests performed on the Sanitser formulation showed that it has the same final physical-chemical characteristics of the industrial vitreous china (VC) body. Besides, different ceramic pieces (wash basin, bidet and WC pan) were compared with VC production. The results showed that Sanitser body can replace vitreous china in the sanitary ware production. In this project, the firing temperature of the ceramic body is reduced significantly with a supposed decrease of the CO 2 emissions. In Sanitser formulation, about 43.6% of recycled materials that would end in dumps were utilized. Keywords: waste glass ceramic, porcelain, slip casting, thermal application.
Resumo
Neste artigo são apresentados os resultados do projeto europeu LIFE "Sanitser". Este trabalho teve como objetivo reduzir a temperatura de queima da massa cerâmica (de 1250 para 1170 °C). Isto foi obtido substituindo a mistura de feldspato e quartzo por materiais reciclados e uma pequena percentagem de fundente (menos do que 3%); em uma formulação de massa de sanitário vitrificado foram introduzidos resíduos de vidro, granito e materiais cerâmicos quebrados após queima. Os testes realizados mostraram que a formulação Sanitser apresenta as mesmas propriedades físicas e químicas da cerâmica vitrificada (VC
This paper aims at exploring the possibility of using a great percentage of recycled materials into vitreous china (VC), thus, contributing to urban waste decrease while lowering the industry's buying costs, previously optimized, for the sanitaryware production. The recycled blend was introduced in the ceramic slip, Sanitser VC, and used in three sanitaryware production plants. This slip let to improve the environmental performances of the overall ceramic production through energy-saving and a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, the firing temperature is 80-100 °C lower than traditional production. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the firing behavior, technological properties, and microstructure of a typical industrial vitreous china body in comparison with Sanitser VC. The analytical results confirmed the force of this idea and highlighted the advantages of the choice made.
3-Diazo-3H-indazole reacts w i t h 1,3-diketones, &keto esters, or d i e t h y l malonate a n d coupling occurs a t t h e methylene group. The resulting products can b e cyclized t h e r m a l l y or under t h e influence of acid i n t o derivatives of indazol0[3,2-~]-1,2,4-triazine.
ECONOMICK LIFE project developed an innovative shuttle kiln for ceramic production, which consumes about 47% less energy than actually existing ones and, so, allows the industry to reduce costs, CO2, NOx, HF, SOx and dust emissions, and raw materials. A patented technology is used to recover heat from flue gases to pre-heat combustion air. Significantly, this technology does not use flues or other pipes and above all does not alter the fluid dynamics of the flue gases in any way, which therefore remain identical to those of a traditional shuttle kiln. This advantage, with the possibility of adjusting the flame speed, is important as it optimises the flue gas/piece thermal exchange and does not affect either uniformity of firing or energy savings at low temperatures. This patented technology allows to use preheated combustion air and to reduce max temperature in the burner body, adjusting flame speed. Further, a specific software allows to preserve a preselected air/gas ratio and to use different values in function of the firing cycle. A careful selection of the refractory materials, resulting in a lining that minimises thermal inertia and at the same time allow a cool wall temperature of below 50°C.
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