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The aim of this study was to develop mathematical models to estimate the leaf area of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in irrigated and non-irrigated water regimes from linear dimensions. An experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with a 3×2 factorial arrangement (three cultivars: Triunfo, Garapiá and FC 104; two water regimes: irrigated and non-irrigated) with 25 replicates each. A total of 523 trifoliates were collected throughout the crop cycle. The length (L, cm) and width (W, cm) of the central leaflet of the trifoliate were measured and their product (LW) (cm²) calculated. Then, the leaf area of these trifoliates was determined by digital photography methods using ImageJ® software, and using leaf discs. The number of samples required to estimate the leaf area of a trifoliate was determined to define which method is the most accurate to be used as the real leaf area in generating equations to estimate the leaf area in common bean. The relationship between area by digital photographs and the dimensions of the central leaflet of the trifoliate (L, W and LW) was fitted by linear, quadratic and power models. Subsequently, the predictive capacity of the equations was assessed by the root mean square error (cm2 trifoliate-1), mean absolute error (cm2 trifoliate-1), index of agreement and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Sample size varied between cultivars, water regimes and evaluation methods. It is more appropriate to use the leaf area provided by ImageJ® as real for comparison purposes in generating models to estimate leaf area from linear measurements, in common bean. The general equation LA = 1.092L1.945 can be used in the tested regimes without accuracy losses.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of toxic baits and attractants for fruit flies on the biology of its parasitoid Fopius arisanus. We tested two food-based attractants; hydrolysed corn protein (Biofruit® 3%) and sugarcane molasses (7%), their mixtures with spinosad and malathion-based insecticides, and a ready-to-use commercial bait (Success 0.02 CB®). Malathion-based lures were used as references for mortality (i.e., positive control), while negative control was honey. The formulations Biofruit® + malathion (T1), molasses + malathion (T2), and spinosad + molasses (T3) were toxic to F. arisanus, being classified as harmful (class 4). In addition, toxic baits composed of Biofruit + spinosad (T4) reduced parasitism by 97.99%, being rated as moderately harmful (class 3). Yet, Success 0.02 CB® (T7) was considered slightly toxic (class 2), causing a 64.55% reduction in parasitism. Regarding the biological parameters of F. arisanus, offspring number and parasitoid longevity were significantly reduced by using hydrolysed protein attractants when compared to the control (honey). However, sugarcane molasses improved parasitoid reproduction and longevity, as did the honey. Lastly, ingestion tests showed the major role of attractants in toxic-bait formulations against F. arisanus.

El trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) es un trastorno neuropsiquiátrico debilitante que afecta más de 300 millones de personas, causando una enorme carga socioeconómica. Pocos datos con conocidos sobre la prevalencia del TDM en el Ecuador. Así, el objetivo de ese estudio fue describir la prevalencia del TDM en la población de un cantón altamente poblado de la costa ecuatoriana. Este estudio de base poblacional se realizó en Portoviejo, Manabí. Aquí se analizaron 114.239 registros sobre TDM mediante la entrevista Clínica Estructurada para el Diagnóstico de Trastornos del DSM-IV en personas jóvenes, adultos y adultos mayores. Nosotros observamos que en la población estudiada 8.6% tenían el TDM. Fueran adecuados los puntajes del TDM leve y de ubicación de residencia (zona urbana o rural). Ambos modelos tenían un buen estándar de ajuste (R2 = 0,91 y 0,95) y un valor p medio de 0,04 para ambas ubicaciones. También se demostró una correlación positiva significativa entre el estado civil y las puntuaciones de TDM, en particular para solteros (p = 0.001361, r = 0.94), y niveles de educación (p = 0.00102, r = 0.95). Además, tanto la edad (p = 0.001067, r = -0.94) como estar viudo (p = 0.009662, r = -0.87) se correlacionaron positivamente con las puntaciones del TDM. Colectivamente nuestros resultados demuestran una alta prevalencia del TDM en la población de Portoviejo, un efecto más destacado en el hombre, que vive solo, joven y residente de la zona urbana. Palabras clave: depresión, Ecuador, Prevalencia, salud mental, trastorno depresivo mayor

Web blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is one of the main common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) diseases of the Ecuadorian central coast. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the progress of web blight incidence using nonlinear models in promising genotypes SER 03 and SER 08, using the commercial cultivar INIAP 473 as a control. This study was carried out between the 2010 and 2012 seasons in Quevedo, Ecuador. Epidemiological parameters such as initial disease (y0), disease progress rate (r), final incidence and the area under the disease progress curve were estimated using the Exponential, Logistic, and Gompertz models. In general, progress curves, epidemiological parameters and other evaluated plant health variables were lower in the INIAP 473 cultivar than the other genotypes in 2011 and 2012, especially in the last season when higher y0 and r were observed in the commercial cultivar. It seems that soil and seeds inoculum and temperature play an important role in standard bean crop disease progress. While the response of genotypes and each location conditions influenced the epidemic modeling, the Logistic model better described the web blight progress under these conditions.

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