John Friedmann has asked me to take a 'Latin American look' at the ideas he expressed when receiving his honorary doctorate at the University of Dortmund. Coming from him, I consider this request to be a rare compliment indeed.In my view, Friedmann's text proposes an approach of great importance. The author has taken all the doubts which have arisen about the foundation of ideas, values and promises on which the west has rested for the past two centuries' and has placed them in a wider framework, making it possible for us to understand a number of specific situations which we confront today. In themselves, these situations only hint at more complex matters but cannot provide a proper meaning or make any sense. I refer to issues such as paring down the bureaucracy, the increasing formalization of representative democracy, doubts about conventional utopias, insecurity in the face of everyday events, and so on.At the same time, Friedmann wisely warns us not to succumb to the temptation of throwing out the baby with the bathwater; criticism must not be blind to aspects which made their appearance with modernism but are not exclusive to it, and should be reincorporated into any future plans drawn up.We can thus understand how carefully the title of this paper was chosen. What is proposed is really a dialectical task, whereby criticism does not seek to destroy the theories to which it objects, but rather becomes a vessel to recover and sum up the best parts of those theories, to achieve a synthesis which is an improvement on them.'The framework which the author proposes is both creative and fertile and helps us to understand more fully the urgent challenges we face today in Latin America: the need to strengthen democracy, the reformulation of relations between the state and private enterprise, the role of the political parties, the reassessment of ' The establishment and summing up of the main features of modernising illuminism are expertly dealt with in the paper: similarities and differences between rationalism, empiricism, liberalism and public law are described and compared.The author is clearer on this than I ever could be: 'There is much in the tradition of science.in the respect of individual and human rights and in the legal political order of liberal democracy that we would want to save for ourselves and future generations'.
The human factors constitute the focal point of the future Industry 5.0. The introduction of novel technologies (as collaborative robotics) in real-industry scenarios brings challenges related to the acceptance and confidence by the human-workers. The main goal of the current paper is to share the workers’ perceptions about robotics, during a real experience developed in a manufacturing industry. Regarding assess the workers’ perceptions (n = 14 assembly workers), a questionnaire was developed and applied. The elaboration of this questionnaire was based on the bibliographic review of previous studies, and the main topics are the following: (i) workers characterization; (ii) robotics impact in occupational context; (iii) traditional robotics vs. traditional robotics; (iv) requirements that could compromise the HRC implementation. The results highlighted the importance of the workers’ involvement during a process of HRC introduction in a real-industry context, foreseeing a successful implementation with a safety feeling by the workers.
Penicillium rubens, formerly Pencillium chrysogenum, is a filamentous fungus of biotechnological importance because it is one of the main producers of the antibiotic penicillin. However, despite its importance, the regulation of biological processes in this fungus is far from being understood. In fungi, one of the most interesting regulators are zinc finger proteins containing a Zn(II)2Cys6 domain. The genes that encode for these kinds of proteins are found almost exclusively in fungi. The P. rubens genome contains many genes encoding proteins with Zn(II)2Cys6 domains, but only two of them have been studied so far. In this work, we have used CRISPR-Cas9 technology to inactivate the pcz1 gene in P. rubens, which encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein. Inactivation of pcz1 decreases the production of penicillin in P. rubens. In addition, the inactivation of pcz1 decreased growth and conidiation in the fungus but increased conidial germination. Overall, our results suggest that pcz1 would be a positive regulator of penicillin production, growth and conidiation, but it would act as repressor of conidial germination in P. rubens.
Este análisis global intenta estudiar, en el horizonte de un futuro próximo, la economía, el trabajo y el empleo para derivar, desde allí, orientaciones que deban ir regulando las reformas en educación, en investigación y en difusión de tecnología.
Además de referir esas orientaciones, se explicita un cierto marco conceptual y de contexto que ha orientado este trabajo colectivo, y que no está necesariamente desarrollado en cada estudio presentado en la segunda parte; también se derivan algunas conclusiones de política general resultante de esta consideración de conjunto.
El presente artículo contiene una reflexión acerca de los enfoques existentes en la actualidad en torno al tema del trabajo con la comunidad. Se trata de un documento preparado con ocasión del encuentro sostenido en Santiago en julio de 1995 por funcionarios alemanes de la DED que trabajan en el ámbito de la cooperación en América Latina y cuyo autor facilitó para su publicación en esta revista.
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