FA appears to be the best marker for the epileptogenic zone. Surgery should be contemplated with caution if DEE is the first ictal change. However, a widespread/bilateral PED at onset is common and should not discourage surgery.

Cortical and thalamic stimulation appear to be effective and well tolerated in children with refractory epilepsy. SCS can be used to identify the focus and predict the effects of resective surgery or chronic cortical stimulation. Further larger studies are necessary.