Resumen: Los seres humanos son respetables porque son seres humanos, no porque tengan los mismos valores o compartan las mismas creencias. Una nueva generación de derechos humanos conlleva necesariamente a un nuevo proceso de legitimación de las instituciones políticas. Es el tema de "democracia y bioética". La vida se encuentra amenazada y de ahí emerge la importancia de elaborar una nueva tabla de derechos humanos, los derechos ecológicos y del medio ambiente, los derechos de las colectividades y los derechos de las futuras generaciones. Los nuevos derechos son globales y por tanto exigen un nuevo tipo de democracia, la llamada democracia global la cual debe ser deliberativa. La bioética es en esencia deliberación y, en ese sentido, debe hacer escuela. La democracia deliberativa podrá ser algún día realidad en la medida que se instale en la sociedad la confrontación plural de ideas.Palabras clave: Bioética, derechos humanos, democracia, globalización, deliberación FROM CLINICAL BIOETHICS TO A GLOBAL BIOETHICS: THIRTY YEARS OF EVOLUTIONAbstract: Human Beings are respectable because they are Human Beings; not because they have the same worth or share the same beliefs. A new generation of human rights necessitates a new process of legitimization of political institutions. This is the essence of "Democracy and Bioethics". Life as we know it is under threat and from there emerges the importance of formulating a new table of human rights; ecological and environmental rights; the rights of different groups within society and the rights of future generations. These new rights are global and therefore demand a new type of democracy; it is this call for a global democracy, which must be discussed. Bioethics, in essence is a process of deliberation and discussion and therefore it is fitting that bioethics should provide the arena for discussion. It is important to realize that one day, deliberative democracy could be the reality, and be responsible for establishing a debate which reflects the diversity of ideas within society.Keywords: Bioethics, human rights, democracy, globalization, deliberation DA BIOÉTICA CLÍNICA AO BIOÉTICA GLOBAL: TRINTA ANOS DA EVOLUÇÃO Resumo: Os seres humanos merecem respeito por sua condição intrínseca e não porque tenham os mesmos valores ou compartam as mesmas crenças. Uma nova geração de direitos humanos conduz necessariamente a novo processo de legitimação das instituições políticas. Esse é o tema da "democracia e bioética". A vida encontra-se ameaçada, o que faz emergir a importância em elaborar nova carta de direitos humanos, os direitos ecológicos e do meio ambiente, os direitos das coletividades e os direitos das futuras gerações. Esses novos direitos são globais e, portanto, exigem novo modelo de democracia, a chamada democracia global que é necessariamente deliberativa. A bioética é, em essência, deliberação e, nesse sentido pode ser guia dessa transformação. A democracia deliberativa poderá ser realidade algum dia na medida em que se instaure na sociedade a confrontação de idéias pl...
Acta Bioethica 2001; año VII, nº 2 343 Resumen: La Bioética, desde hace treinta años ha promovido incesantemente la participación democrática en el ámbito de la relación sanitaria, mediante procedimientos que permiten adoptar decisiones en las cuales se expresa el parecer y los intereses de todos los involucrados. Estos procedimientos dan cuenta de una práctica constante de deliberar en conjunto, con el fin de lograr las soluciones más matizadas y correctas. Esta experiencia de la Bioética permite plantear, de manera amplia, la relación entre Democracia y Bioética, en la medida que es necesario y urgente corregir los déficits democráticos, logrando que ésta no sólo sea participativa sino que también deliberativa. Palabras Clave: modernidad, democracia, legitimidad, deliberación, participación. DEMOCRACY AND BIOETHICSAbstract: Upon the last 30 years Bioethics has permanently been promoting democratic participation in health care contexts through procedures oriented to decision-making that considers the interests of everyone involved. These procedures imply a continual joined deliberative practice aimed at reaching nuanced and fair solutions. This experience of bioethics allows us to suggest, in a broad sense, the relationship between it and democracy since it has become necessary and urgent to correct democratic deficiencies trying to build it up not only participative but also deliberative. DEMOCRACIA E BIOÉTICAResumo: A Bioética há 30 anos vem promovendo incessantemente a participação do diálogo democrático no âmbito da saúde, e o faz mediante procedimentos que permitam tomadas de decisões que expressem os interesses de todos envolvidos. Estes procedimentos exibem a prática constante da deliberação em conjunto, com a finalidade de alcançar soluções mais harmônicas e corretas. Esta experiência da Bioética permite sugerir, de maneira ampla, a relação entre Democracia e Bioética, na medida em que se faz necessário e urgente corrigir as deficiências da democracia, buscando construí-la não somente participativa, mas, sobretudo deliberativa.
The Spanish palliative care movement has shifted its focus from starting new programs to consolidating and expanding the training of the professionals already working in the existing programs. Although there is a general consensus that a new philosophy of care is needed, the interpretation and application of this general philosophy are different in diverse sociocultural contexts.
The birth of bioethics in Spain—and the rest of Europe—has not necessarily been a replication of what happened in North America, despite the arguments made by a number of mainstream American authors. From a European perspective, this thesis looks incomplete at best, if not entirely erroneous. Let us see why.
The efforts of Western medicine have been oriented traditionally to identify the elements of the so-called ‘chain of specificity’. Every disease has a ‘specific cause’, called aetiology, which produces ‘specific disease’ (species morbosa), which medicine should revert through ‘specific treatment’. This traditional way of thinking began to change some decades ago, as a consequence of the developments of molecular medicine. Genes, prima facie taken as specific elements, react differently depending on environmental conditions, epigenetics, mutations, and many other factors. The consequence is that medicine is becoming aware of individual susceptibilities, such as to drugs that hitherto were taken as ‘specific’ treatments. Medicine is changing gradually from the old ideal of ‘specificity’ to the new one of ‘individuality’. This has been the conceptual origin of what is sometimes called ‘personalized medicine’, and sometimes ‘individualized medicine’.
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