The Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) was created in 1916 and has been dedicated to the research and monitoring of active volcanoes in the country since the disaster resulting from the eruption of Nevado del Ruíz Volcano in 1985, where more than 25000 people died due to lahars. Today the SGC has three Volcanological and Seismological Observatories in the cities of Manizales (SGC-OVSM), Popayán (SGC-OVSPop), and Pasto (SGC-OVSP), from where 23 active volcanoes are monitored. The three observatories manage an instrumental network of about 740 stations (permanent and portable) as well as signal repeaters, and cover the disciplines of seismology, geodesy, geochemistry, and potential field, amongst others. Volcanic hazard assessment is also carried out by the SGC, producing hazard maps and reports. These tasks are complemented by programs for promoting geoscience knowledge transfer to the public, developed through different strategies. Although at this time, data derived from volcanic monitoring are not available online, the SGC is analysing this need, for implementation in the near future. El Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) fue creado en 1916, y se ha dedicado a la investigación y monitoreo de los volcanes activos en el país desde el desastre resultante de la erupción del volcán Nevado del Ruíz en 1985, donde más de 25000 personas murieron debido a la ocurrencia de lahares. Hoy en día, el SGC tiene tres Observatorios Vulcanológicos y Sismológicos en las ciudades de Manizales (SGC-OVSM), Popayán (SGC-OVSPop) y Pasto (SGC-OVSP), desde donde se monitorean 23 volcanes activos. Los tres observatorios manejan una red instrumental de aproximadamente 740 estaciones (permanentes y portátiles), como también repetidoras de señal, y cubren las disciplinas de sismología, geodesia, geoquímica y campos de potencial, entre otras. La evaluación de la amenaza volcánica también es realizada por el SGC, produciendo mapas e informes. Estas tareas se complementan con programas para promover transferencia de conocimientos geocientíficos al público, desarrollados a través de diferentes estrategias. Aunque en este momento los datos derivados del monitoreo volcánico no están disponibles en línea, el SGC está analizando esta necesidad para su implementación en un futuro cercano.
Galeras, a 4270‐m high andesitic stratovolcano in southwestern Colombia near the Ecuadorian border (Figure 1), gradually reawoke in 1988 after more than 40 years of dormancy. In 1991, after a request from the Geological Survey of Colombia (INGEOMIAS) and the National Disaster Prevention Office (ONAD), Galeras was named a “Decade Volcano” by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) as part of the United Nations' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) program. A workshop was held in 1993 to research, monitor, and mitigate the hazards of the volcano. Galeras lies at latitude 1°14′N, longitude 77°22′W (see Figure 2), and its active cone rises about 150 m above the floor of a small summit caldera that is open to the west [Calvache and Williams, 1992]. The active crater is located about 6 km west of Pasto, a city of about 300,000 inhabitants. At least six major Galeras eruptions have been identified during the past 4500 years. These eruptions were mainly vulcanian, with inferred low‐altitude eruption columns (<10 km) that produced small‐volume pyroclastic flow deposits containing a high proportion of nonjuvenile material and lava flow fragments [Calvache and Williams, 1992]. During the last 500 years, eruptions have been characterized by gas and ash emissions, small lava flows, and explosive eruptions producing pyroclastic flows that have traveled up to 15 km from the crater [Calvache, 1990; Cepeda, 1993].
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