Bokashi soil conditioner aims to assist in the resilience of natural microbiota and its associated functions. Currently, there are several formulations of this conditioner, however, little is known about the influence of the sources of inoculum on its quality. This study objective was to evaluate the effects of different sources of bokashi inoculum on microbiological and physical attributes of the soil. The experiment was conducted in tubes designated as microcosms, incubated at 24 °C for 32 days, with four treatments and ten replications: C -control; SI -bokashi bran without inoculum; IN1 -bokashi with forest inoculum; IN2 -bokashi with consortium inoculum. The microbiological parameters of colony forming units of fungi and bacteria, microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, metabolic and microbial quotient were evaluated. Among the physical parameters evaluated were dispersed clay, geometric mean diameter (GMD) and organic carbon. The data were submitted to ANOVA and the measurements compared by the Tukey test at 5%. The fungal density was significantly higher for SI and IN1, as compared to the other treatments. In regards to the bacteria, there was an increase for IN1, in comparison with the control. The IN1 treatment demonstrated higher microbial activity and higher carbon uptake in the soil. Regarding the physical attributes, there was greater clay dispersion for IN2 and greater GMD for C. The bokashi formulation with forest inoculum and cropping field provides higher microbiological quality to the soil under controlled conditions.

R E S U M OObjetivou-se indicar, neste trabalho, dentre alguns fungicidas químicos recomendados para o controle das doenças em feijoeiro, quais seriam mais adequados considerando-se os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos como bioindicadores. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação sob condições controladas com sete tratamentos e cinco repetições, sendo água, azoxistrobina, piraclostrobina, tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina, trifloxistrobina, óxido cuproso e mancozebe. Os parâmetros avaliados foram colonização micorrízica, número de esporos viáveis, teores foliares de N, P e K, massa seca da raiz e da parte aérea e massa fresca de vagem. Azoxistrobina, tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina e trifloxistrobina não causaram diferença significativa na colonização de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos na quantidade de esporos no solo nem nos teores de N, P e K foliar em relação ao controle. Piraclostrobina, óxido cuproso e mancozebe inibiram a colonização micorrízica em referência ao controle. Os fungicidas à base de azoxistrobina, tebuconazol + trifloxistrobina ou trifloxistrobina podem ser usados para o controle das principais doenças do feijoeiro sem inibir a atividade dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares nativos. Selection of fungicides aiming preservation of the indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the common bean cultivation A B S T R A C TThe aim of this study was to point out which chemical fungicides, from the usually recommended ones, would be more suitable to control common beans diseases, considering indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as bio-indicator. The experiment was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions and was comprised by seven treatments and five plots of repetition each one. The treatments were: water, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, cuprous oxide and mancozebe. AMF root colonization index, amount of viable spore, leaf NPK content, shoot and root dry weight and pod fresh weight were assessed. Azoxystrobin, tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin and trifloxystrobin did not affect significantly the AMF root colonization, amount of spore and leaf NPK content, when compared with control. Pyraclostrobin, cuprous oxide and mancozeb inhibited the AMF root colonization. Using the azoxystrobin, tebuconazol + trifloxystrobin and trifloxystrobin are the best options to control the common bean main diseases without inhibiting AMF activities and its benefits. Palavras-chave:Phaseolus vulgaris fungos simbiontes controle químico

No abstract

Devido à carência de insumos orgânicos capazes de disponibilizar a quantidade requerida de nitrogênio às culturas, a avaliação de novas fontes orgânicas de nutrientes se faz necessária. Esse trabalhoteve como objetivo avaliar a resposta do milho à utilização de diferentes materiais orgânicos na absorção do N e desenvolvimento das plantas. Para isso, o experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, adotando o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram farinha depenas (FP), composto orgânico fermentado bokashi (BK), mistura de farelos vegetais (FV), farinha de penas + bokashi (PB), farinha de penas + farelos vegetais (PF) e testemunha representada somente pelo solo (TE). Aos 45 dias após a emergência do milho, as características avaliadas foram: massa fresca e seca da parte aérea (g), massa fresca da raiz (g), altura de planta (cm), circunferência do colmo (cm) e teor de N foliar (g kg-1). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos tratamentos BK e FV, com uma disponibilização efetiva deN para o desenvolvimento do milho. Já a utilização do FP apresentou sinais de toxicidade com desenvolvimento reduzido das plantas. Porém, sua aplicação junto ao bokashi ou com a mistura de farelos vegetais foi capaz de reduzir seu efeito tóxico, apresentando resultados superiores aos tratamentos FP e TE. Pode-se notaro potencial desses materiais orgânicos na utilização como fertilizantes orgânicos no desenvolvimento do milho, resultando em benefícios não só agronômicos como também ambientais ao se reaproveitar materiaisde descarte da agroindústria.

The present international scenario recognizes organic agriculture as an innovative solution to reduce agrochemicals and practices that degrade the agroecosystem. Yet, the shift from an already well-established agricultural model to a relatively new one is a challenging task and requires further scientific support. This work investigated the influence of transitional management – TM (from conventional to organic agriculture) on the soil fungal community under citrus, in dry and rainy periods. From 2012 to 2015 on, an area in Mogi Guaçú, SP, Brazil was selected, and two treatments were installed: a conventional management (CM) system based on farming practices with agrochemicals and fertilizers use, and another, transition management (TM) based on a 25% reduction per year of the chemical substances used in CM, with soil conditioner bokashi introduced. The performance of the transition system was evaluated in the context of soil fertility and diversity index of fungal taxa, by plate culture isolation, through the richness of Margalef (Dmg), diversity of Shannon (H′) and reverse Simpson (D). Differences in the occurrence and frequency of Paecilomyces, greater under CM and Penicillium, greater under TM, highlighted the influence of the management system employed. Richness and diversity indices were higher under TM. Principal component analysis revealed that 49.9% of the differences in fungal diversity was due to the management system. Only 16.5% was a result of the season of sampling. Four years of reduction/replacement of chemical practices in TM was sufficient to modify and favor some soil fungal taxa and consequently their activity. This research brings promising results to organic agriculture initiatives with relevant results for a tropical climate area.

The aim of this study was to assess the bromatological quality and the content of essential amino acids in maize grains produced using two different cropping systems: organic and conventional. The experimental area was four hectares, divided into two hectares per system. In the conventional management, agrochemicals from conventional maize production were used. In the organic management, inputs permitted by the current Brazilian legislation on organic production were used. For each system, 10 plots of 9 m² each were established, from which experimental samples were harvested. A significant difference was found in the bromatological quality of maize grains. The conventional management provided greater crude protein content. Significant changes were also found in the following amino acids: methionine, threonine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine, histidine, and phenylalanine, which showed lower levels in the organic management. The results confirm the need to determine food composition before diet formulation, since using preestablished food compositions probably leads to differences between what was formulated and what was actually given to poultry. The type of management influenced the quality of maize grains. The management of plant nutrition in the organic system should be refined to adequately supply nitrogen, thus improving bromatological and amino acid quality of the grains.

Tendo em vista a utilização dos fungos micorrízicos arbusculares atuando como bioindicadores de qualidade do solo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos sobre a porcentagem de colonização micorrízica, número de esporos viáveis e glomalina facilmente extraível de dois diferentes sistemas de cultivo de milho: milho transgênico em cultivo convencional e milho variedade em cultivo alternativo. Os tratamentos foram semeados em duas faixas paralelas e contíguas, com dois hectares cada, em condições semelhantes de fertilidade de solo e relevo. No cultivo convencional o milho transgênico foi semeado com adubação na linha de 280 kg.ha-1 do fertilizante fórmula NPK 7-28-16, 8% Ca, 1,5% S e 0,3% Zn. Foi utilizado glifosato juntamente com o inseticida Chlorantraniliprole + lambda-cialotrina para o controle de mato e lagartas. No cultivo alternativo o solo foi preparado com a aplicação de 500 kg.ha-1 do condicionador de solo Bokashi e posterior gradagem e nivelamento. Foi aplicado o herbicida atrazina para contenção do mato e uma pulverização de inseticida biológico (Bacillus thuringiensis) para controle da lagarta do cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda). A amostragem de raízes e solo foi feita na profundidade de 0 a 20 cm no estádio R3 (grão pastoso). Foi utilizado o delineamento em faixas de tratamento com dez repetições.  Os dados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk e as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste t de Student (P<0,05). Os resultados mostram maiores índices de colonização micorrízica e concentração de glomalina no solo no cultivo alternativo com milho variedade, comparado ao cultivo convencional com cultivar transgênico. Em relação ao número de esporos viáveis não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. O milho variedade, submetido ao manejo alternativo, proporcionou melhores condições para o desenvolvimento dos fungos micorrízicos, indicando ser esta a melhor opção para este simbionte.

-The aim of this study was to propose a mixture of micronutrients with amino acid-based foliar fertilizer as an alternative to calda viçosa for application in organic agriculture. The study was conducted in two simultaneous trials in an experimental field in Ipeúna, SP, Brazil. The test plant was carioca type dry edible bean cv. Pérola. The treatments in trial 1 were: Control 1 = water; FA = JK® amino acid-based foliar fertilizer; and FA+Mi = FA + CuSO 4 + ZnSO 4 + MnSO 4 + H 3 BO 3 . In trial 2, the FA treatment was substituted by calda viçosa (CVi). The treatments were through spray application three times. Dry edible bean leaves were sampled for determination of macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations. Platings of the application rates used in the treatments were performed in the laboratory in a mixture with Bacillus thuringiensis and with Beauveria bassiana to compare the degree of compatibility by means of colony forming units (CFU). The FA+Mi and CVi treatments raised the concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Mn in the leaves. The FA+Mi was compatible, the FA was a stimulant, and the CVi was noxious to B. bassiana and to B. thuringiensis when integrated in the spray mixture.Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, copper, manganese, zinc. FERTILIZANTE A BASE DE AMINOÁCIDOS COMO