The constant search for the proper management of non-degradable waste in conjunction with the circular economy makes the thermal pyrolysis of plastics an important technique for obtaining products with industrial interest. The present study aims to produce pyrolytic oil from thermoplastics and their different mixtures in order to determine the best performance between these and different mixtures, as well as to characterize the liquid fraction obtained to analyze its use based on said properties. This was carried out in a batch type reactor at a temperature of 400 °C for both individual plastics and their mixtures, from which the yields of the different fractions are obtained. The liquid fraction of interest is characterized by gas chromatography and its properties are characterized by ASTM standards. The product of the pyrolysis of mixtures of 75% polystyrene and 25% polypropylene presents a yield of 82%, being the highest, with a viscosity of 1.12 cSt and a calorific power of 42.5 MJ/kg, which has a composition of compounds of carbon chains ranging between C6 and C20, for which it is proposed as a good additive agent to conventional fuels for industrial use.
The development of a portable device created by 3D printing for colorimetric and fluorometric measurements is an efficient tool for analytical applications in situ or in the laboratory presenting a wide field of applications in the environmental and food field. This device uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as radiation source and a webcam as a detector. Digital images obtained by the interaction between the radiation source and the sample were analyzed using a programming language developed in Matlab (Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA), which builds the calibration curves in real-time using the RGB colour model. In addition, the entire system is connected to a notebook which serves as an LED and detector power supply without the need for any additional power source. The proposed device was used for the determination in situ of norfloxacin, allura red, and quinine in water and beverages samples, respectively. For the validation of the developed system, the results obtained were compared with a conventional spectrophotometer and spectrofluorometer respectively with a t-test at a 95% confidence level, which provides satisfactory precision and accuracy values.
Currently, the pyrolysis process is an important technology for the final treatment of plastic waste worldwide. For this reason, knowing in detail the chemical process and the thermodynamics that accompany cracking reactions is of utmost importance. The present study aims to determine the thermodynamic parameters of the degradation process of conventional thermoplastics (polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) from the study of their chemical kinetics by thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Non-isothermal thermogravimetry was performed at three heating rates from room temperature to 550 °C with an inert nitrogen atmosphere with a flow of 20 mL min−1. Once the TG data is obtained, an analysis is carried out with the isoconversional models of Friedman (FR), Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) in order to determine the one that best fits the experimental data, and with this, the calculation of the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor is performed. The validation of the model was carried out using the correlation factor, determining that the KAS model is the one that best adjusts for the post-consumer thermoplastic degradation process at the three heating rates. With the use of the kinetic parameters, the variation of the Gibbs free energy is determined in each of the cases, where it is necessary that for structures containing aromatic groups a lower energy is presented, which implies a relative ease of degradation compared to the linear structures.
In the present study, the thermodynamic parameters of Polylactic Acid (PLA) under conditions of thermal degradation were determined. The PLA material, previously sampled and characterized, was analyzed by dynamic thermogravimetry (TG) at heating rates of 5, 10 and 15 °C min−1 with a nitrogen flow of 20 mL min−1 from a temperature of 25 to 900 °C. The data were treated using isoconversional kinetic models to obtain the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor of each model. To fit the DTG curves, the Arrhenius equation was used applying the Contraction Sphere reaction model: two-dimensional phase limit reaction (R2). The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy, Gibbs free energy and entropy were determined from the kinetic parameters of suitable models for each heating rate after statistical validation and comparison with other studies. The results showed that as the heating rate increases, the degradation temperature also increases, while the activation energy, enthalpy and pre-exponential factor decrease. According to the value of ∆G (171.65 kJ mol−1), PLA has a significant potential to be used as a raw material to produce bioenergy/biofuels by pyrolysis.
Introduction:
Computed tomography with pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is the gold standard for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). A nearly five-fold increase in the use of CTPA was observed from 2004 to 2016 in the United States.
Hypothesis:
Suboptimal utilization of validated diagnostic predictive tools with D-dimer might have led to excessive use of CTPA in a large public hospital in Bronx, New York.
Methods:
We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent CTPA from January to October 2021. Two independent reviewers, blinded to each other and to the CTPA and D-dimer results, estimated the clinical probability for PE using the Well’s criteria, YEARS criteria, and the revised Geneva score. Patients were classified based on the presence or absence of PE in the CTPA. Chi-square and Fischer's exact test were used to compare discrete variables.
Results:
504 patients were included in the analysis (median age: 56 years, female: 59.1%). The clinical probability for PE was considered to be low by both independent reviewers in 303 (60.2%), 250 (49.7%), and 108 (21.5%) patients based on Well’s criteria, YEARS criteria, and the revised Geneva score, respectively. D-dimer testing was conducted in less than half of patients with low clinical probability [Well’s:(43.2%), YEARS:(49.7%), Geneva:(46.3%)]. Based on Well’s criteria, of 69/131 patients (52.7%) with a D-dimer < 500 ng/ml, 3/69 (4.3%) were diagnosed with PE. As per YEARS criteria, of 51/100 patients (51%) with a D-dimer < 500 ng/ml, 3/51 (5.9%) were diagnosed with PE. Based on the revised Geneva score, of 26/50 (52%) patients with a D-dimer of < 500 ng/ml, 1/26 (3.8%) patient was diagnosed with PE. All PEs were subsegmental.
Conclusion:
Many patients underwent CTPA despite having a low probability of PE due to suboptimal utilization of validated diagnostic predictive tools with D-dimer. Using a D-dimer cut-off of <500 ng/ml in patients with a low probability of PE would have missed only a small number of subsegmental PE.
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