La práctica físico-deportiva es un elemento valioso en la salud integral de los individuos. Sin embargo, el abandono deportivo es un fenómeno que prolifera y se acentúa en las etapas de formación sobre todo en las practicantes femeninas. Los motivos del abandono son múltiples y diversos, estando muy marcados por las características de la modalidad deportiva y de sus practicantes. El piragüismo en una modalidad muy exigente y competitiva que en el último lustro en nuestro país ha mostrado una tasa de abandono muy elevada (del 32,9% al 49,7%) entre las deportistas femeninas federadas. El presente estudio pretende reconocer los motivos por los cuales las piragüistas han abandonado la práctica contribuyendo a establecer medidas y recomendaciones que atenúen esta realidad en el futuro. Para ello se ha recurrido a una estrategia mixta, combinando un enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo. El estudio cualitativo se basó en dos Grupos Focales, uno con ex-palistas (n=6) y otro con entrenadoras/es (n=8), mientras que el estudio cuantitativo consistió en un cuestionario ad hoc realizado telefónicamente entre deportistas que abandonaron la modalidad en los tres último años (n=160). Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que el abandono femenino tiene un carácter multifactorial pero está muy determinado por los roles de género vigentes que infravaloran a la mujer palista, la excesiva presión competitiva, la dificultad para conciliar el piragüismo y los estudios, así como la carencia de categorías de menor nivel competitivo. Las Federaciones y Administraciones deberían realizar un mayor esfuerzo en labores de promoción del piragüismo femenino.Abstract: The physical-sports practice is valuable for any individual’s overall health. However, dropout from sports is an increasing phenomenon accentuated in the formative stages, especially in female practitioners. Reasons for withdrawing are diverse and highly dependent on the characteristics of each sport and its practitioners. Canoeing in a very demanding and competitive discipline that has shown a very high dropout rate (32.9% to 49.7%) among federated female athletes from our country in the last five years. This study aims to recognize the reasons why canoeists abandon the practice so to help establishing measures and recommendations to mitigate this occurrence in the future. A mixed strategy, combining qualitative and quantitative approach, was employed for the study purposes. The qualitative study was based on two focus groups, one composed by ex-paddlers (n = 6) and one with coaches/s (n = 8), while the quantitative study consisted of an ad-hoc questionnaire conducted by telephone with athletes who withdrew from that sport within the last three years (n = 160). The results confirm that women's dropout has a multifactorial nature, yet it is largely determined by gender biases commonly underestimating paddler women, excessive competitive pressure, difficulty in pairing canoeing and education, and lack of categories with lower competitive level. Federations and authorities should make greater efforts in promoting women's canoeing modality.
Alonso-Fernández D, Gutiérrez-Sánchez Á, Pino-Juste, M. Health-related physical condition variables in university students. J. Hum. Sport Exerc. Vol. 7,No. 1,. The aim of this study was to assess the health of individuals over a sample of university students, by measuring variables related to fitness as a basis for reorienting physical activity programmes offered by the university sports services to optimise healthy physical condition of its users. We developed a descriptive study with a sample of 217 students of the University of Vigo applying battery tests AFISAL-INEFC variables measuring health-related physical condition variables: body composition, muscular strength, flexibility and maximal oxygen uptake. Since not all variables are normally distributed we used the nonparametric tests Mann-Whitney U and Chi-Square (χ2), using a significance level of p <0.05. The results showed that in the hand-grip variables, peak oxygen consumption and lower body explosive power, women had a higher percentage of individuals with low fitness. The opposite situation occurred with the variable of trunk flexibility and hamstring muscles where men showed a lesser capacity. From a global view, the lower body explosive strength was the variable in which the university had a worse condition with 65.3% of subjects with low fitness. It would be positive to increase healthy physical activity programmes promote exercise in our target population (university students), particularly those affecting strength capacity and flexibility in both upper and lower body.
In 2G and 3G mobile standards there are vulnerabilities caused by the use of false Base Station (BS). In 3G security architecture offers protection against BS attacks, however when the User Equipment (UE) is configured in automatic GSM/3G mode this UE can accept connections coming from GSM/GPRS BSs that are configured as an attacker finally establishing a connection with such malicious BTS located within the UE's coverage area. Even without the use of a frequency jammer, potential attack danger exists because the connection between an UE and the fake BTS can be achieved if the BS is transmitting with more power than the real base station, and the UE enters in the handover process imposed by the 2G standard.
A new method is presented to generate reduced order models (ROMs) in Fluid Dynamics problems of industrial interest. The method is based on the expansion of the flow variables in a Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) basis, calculated from a limited number of snapshots, which are obtained via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Then, the PODmode amplitudes are calculated as minimizers of a properly defined overall residual of the equations and boundary conditions. The method includes various ingredients that are new in this field. The residual can be calculated using only a limited number of points in the flow field, which can be scattered either all over the whole computational domain or over a smaller projection window. The resulting ROM is both computationally efficient (reconstructed flow fields require, in cases that do not present shock waves, less than 1 % of the time needed to compute a full CFD solution) and flexible (the projection window can avoid regions of large localized CFD errors). Also, for problems related with aerodynamics, POD modes are obtained from a set of snapshots calculated by a CFD method based on the compressible Navier Stokes equations and a turbulence model (which furthermore includes some unphysical stabilizing terms that are included for purely numerical reasons), but projection onto the POD manifold is made using the inviscid Euler equations, which makes the method independent of the CFD scheme. In addition, shock waves are treated specifically in the POD description, to avoid the need of using a too large number of snapshots. Various definitions of the residual are also discussed, along with the number and distribution of snapshots, the number of retained modes, and the effect of CFD errors. The method is checked and discussed on several test problems that describe (i) heat transfer in the recirculation region downstream of a backwards facing step, (ii) the flow past a twodimensional airfoil in both the subsonic and transonic regimes, and (iii) the flow past a three-dimensional horizontal tail plane. The method is both efficient and numerically robust in the sense that the computational effort is quite small compared to CFD and results are both reasonably accurate and largely insensitive to the definition of the residual, to CFD errors, and to the CFD method itself, which may contain artificial stabilizing terms. Thus, the method is amenable for practical engineering applications.iii ResumenSe presenta un nuevo método para generar modelos de orden reducido (ROMs) aplicado a problemas fluidodinámicos de interés industrial. El nuevo método se basa en la expansión de las variables fluidas en una base POD, calculada a partir de un cierto número de snapshots, los cuales se han obtenido gracias a simulaciones numéricas (CFD). A continuación, las amplitudes de los modos POD se calculan minimizando un residual global adecuadamente definido que combina las ecuaciones y las condiciones de contorno. El método incluye varios ingredientes que son nuevos en este campo de estudio. El residual...
Somatotype is one of the variables seen as the key to success in sports and talent detection atdifferent ages. This is confirmed by evidence in some gymnastic disciplines in different agecategories, but no study has been conducted for Acrobatic Gymnastics. The objective is toestablish the characteristic somatotype profile in Acrobatic Gymnastics for each age group,determining whether there are differences among them and between the roles in each one.The sample was made up of 54 female tops (X= 11.23 years; 29.62 Kg) and 75 female bases(X= 14.46 years; 50.48 Kg). The somatotype was calculated using the Heath-Carter methodto determine the mesomorphy, endomorphy, and ectomorphy of each group. The statisticalanalysis carried out consisted of a descriptive and comparative analysis based on thecomponent in particular and the mean somatotype dispersion in general. The results showedthat mesomorphy was the most important component in all categories and roles. Theyindicated different somatotype classifications in each group, but the importance ofectomorphy in tops and endomorphy in bases should also be pointed out. Significantdifferences were obtained in mesomorphy (tops: p = .012; bases p = .026) and ectomorphy inboth roles (tops p = .036; bases p = .001). Despite finding significant differences amongcertain categories, this did not follow a linear, chronological development. Therefore, onecannot conclude that the somatotype evolved with age, since this may be due to sportsspecialization. However, it was confirmed that mesomorphy, as in other gymnasticsdisciplines, is the predominant component in all categories and roles.
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