This perspective provides an overview of wood pellet markets in a number of countries of high signifi cance, together with an inventory of market factors and relevant past or existing policies. In 2010, the estimated global wood pellet production and consumption were close to 14.3 Mt (million metric tonnes) and 13.5 Mt, respectively, while the global installed production capacity had reached over 28 Mt. Two types of pellets are mainly traded (i) for residential heating and (ii) for large-scale district heating or co-fi ring installations. The EU was the primary market, responsible for nearly 61% and 85% of global production and consumption, respectively in 2010. EU markets were divided according to end use: (i) residential and district heating, (ii) power plants driven market, (iii) mixed market, and (iv) export-driven countries. North America basically serves as an exporter, but also with signifi cant domestic consumption in USA. East Asia is predicted to become the second-largest consumer after the EU in the near future. The development perspective in Latin America remains unclear. Five factors that determine the market characteristics are: (i) the existence of coal-based power plants, (ii) the development of heating systems, (iii) feedstock availability, (iv) interactions with wood industry, and (v) logistics factor. Furthermore, intervention policies play a pivotal role in market development. The perspective of wood pellets industry was also analyzed from four major aspects: (i) supply potential, (ii) logistics issues, (iii) sustainability considerations, and (iv) technology development.Perspective: Wood pellet market and trade: a global perspective CS Goh et al.

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The decisions and actions of private forest owners are important for the delivery of forest goods and services. Both forest ownership, and policies related to forest owners, are changing. Traditionally in most countries, government extension officers have advised and instructed forest owners, but this is evolving, with greater importance given to a range of actors, objectives, and knowledge types. Drawing on literature and mixed data from 10 countries in Europe, this paper explores how forestry advisory systems can be conceptualized, and describes their current situation in Europe. Drawing parallels with the concept of AKIS (Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems), we propose the term FOKIS (FOrestry Knowledge and Information Systems), as both a system (a purposeful and interdependent group of bodies) and a method for understanding such systems. We define four dimensions for describing FOKIS: owners, policy goals, advice providers, and tools. We find different roles for extension in countries with centrally controlled, highly regulated forest management, and advisors in regions where forest owners have more freedom to choose how to manage their forest. We find five trends across Europe: increased flexibility, openness and participation of owners as sources of information; increasing reliance on information and persuasion rather than enforced compliance; a shift of attention from timber to a wider range of ecosystem services such as biodiversity and recreation; a shift of funding and providers from public to private sector; emergence of new virtual communication tools. The approach provides a way to make sense of comparisons and change in FOKIS, and opens up an important research field.

La gestion forestièree nW allonie se singularise par la possibilité de prendree nc ompte l'ancienneté des forêts dans les plans d'aménagement ainsi que dans la certification forestière. En conjuguant simultanément la vision de l'administration publique et du monde académique, cet article détaille les particularités historiques des forêts wallonnes, l'influence des travaux forestiers et la reconnaissance de la valeur patrimoniale des forêts anciennes et de leur gestion différenciée. Les lignes directrices de cette gestion patrimoniale sont détaillées. L'HISTOIRE HÉTÉROGÈNE DESFORÊTSWALLONNESDepuis le néolithique, les sociétés humaines d'Europe occidentale tirent leur prospérité de la fertilité des sols et de la fécondité des céréales. Les activités agricoles ont fondamentalement impré-gné nos paysages. Initialement prépondérantes depuis la dernièreg laciation, les forêts se sont généralement maintenues là où les conditions locales n'ont pas permis l'activité agricole, en raison du relief accidenté, de sols contraignants ou de difficultés d'accès, àm oins que ce ne soit le fait de caractéristiques foncières particulières (domaine de chasse, propriété abbatiale, parcd e château…) (Tallier,2 004 ;D erex, 2013 ;B ergès et al.,2 013).En Wallonie, une information cartographique abondante et de qualité permet de retracer l'ancienneté des massifs forestiers. La carte dressée par le Comte de Ferraris vers 1775 sert de référence pour le XVIII e siècle en Belgique, grâce às ap récision géographique (environ 1/11 520) et sa riche typologie. Le cas échéant, elle est complétée par d'autres cartes de la seconde moitié du XVIII e siècle, telles que les cartes françaises de Cassini (Vallauri et al., 2012) et de la guerred e sept ans (Nekrassoff, 2014). Le croisement de ces cartes anciennes avec la situation actuelle montreq ue, même si la superficie boisée s'est globalement accrue de 27 %e nW allonie, passant de 431 000 ha à5 46 000 ha, sa composition s'est très fortement modifiée.Depuis le XVIII e siècle, une partie des massifs forestiers feuillus wallons qui occupaient environ 431 000 ha ont été déboisés pour l'agriculture( 124 000 ha soit 30 %) mais aussi transformés en plantations de résineux (108 000 ha soit 26 %). Seuls 44 %d es forêts du XVIII e siècle restent actuellement occupés par la forêt feuillue d'origine (tableau I, p. 546, figure1 ,p .546). aU niversité catholique de Louvain,

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