Since ancient Greek-Roman times, the use of plants to cure many human diseases is still common. The present ethnobotanical survey was conducted to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal plants used for the treatment of typhoid fever in three sub divisions of Vina division, Adamawa Cameroon. After having explained the importance of this study to interviewees, 41 traditional healers have agreed and delivered information regarding the medicinal plants they use as well as the different preparation and administration through a well- structured questionnaire that was given to them on this matter. Among 41 traditional healers whose attended this study, 32 were men and 09 were women. The ethnobotanical survey allowed the identification of 70 plants belonging to 38 families. With a frequency of 11/70, the Fabaceae family was the most represented followed by that of Rubiaceae and Asteraceae (04/70 each). The leaves are the most used parts (34.28%) followed by leaves + roots (14.28%) and the whole plant (12.86%). The majority of the recipes consisted of four to six plants (34.66), and were prepared by decoction (50%), with water as the main solvent (87.80%). 41.56% of typhoid preparations are administered twice daily for a duration of 14 days (46.77%). This is the first report on antityphoid herbal remedies in Vina division-Adamawa Cameroon. It would therefore be judicious for our government and research institution to investigate on their therapeutic properties in order to develop ameliorated and efficient phytomedicines.
Background: Limited access to safe drinking water and lack of information on water quality in the sub-urban and rural regions of Cameroon has contributed to regular outbreaks of diarrheal diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological quality of drinking water in the Vina division. Methods: A total of 193 water samples were collected from unprotected boreholes, unprotected wells and unprotected clay pots and analyzed physico-chemically including pH, turbidity, total dissolved solid, conductivity and microbiologically such as enumeration of Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Vibrio sp using standard methods. This study revealed that safe status of the groundwater sources in the Vina division is very poor, considering the high levels of E.coli, Enterococcus sp. and the presence of enter pathogens microorganism such as Vibrio sp., Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. Representative isolates (26) based on biochemical profile were selected for antibio resistance profile. All selected bacteria exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance at least for five antibiotics including ampicillin, amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid, amoxicillin, penicillin, erythromycin. Conclusion: This study suggests that drinking water available in Vina division of Cameroon lead to a substantial risk to public health. It is therefore necessary to developed strategies for protection of areas around drinking water supplies site. Further studies are therefore needed to assess the prevalence of water borne diseases in Vina division.
Several androgenic steroids have been biotransformed by fungi into metabolites with numerous biological properties. Incubation of norandrostenedione (1) with Fusarium lini NRRL 2204 was carried out for the first time, yielding two new metabolites, 3,7β-dihydroxy-19-norandrost-1,3,5-trien-17-one (3) and 6α,10β,17β-trihydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (4), along with three known compounds, 3-hydroxy-19-norandrost-1,3,5-trien-17-one (2), 10β, 17β-dihydroxy-19-nor-4-androsten-3-one (5) and 10β-hydroxy-19-nor-4androsten-3,17-dione (6). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HR-MS experiments. Substrate 1 and its derivatives 2-6 were evaluated in vitro for their urease and chymotrypsin inhibitory properties. Compounds 2 and 3 were found to have strong urease activity with IC 50 = 23.7 ± 0.17 and 10.2 ± 0.28 μm, respectively, as compared to the standard drug thiourea (IC 50 = 21.6 ± 0.12 μm). Compounds 4, 5 and 6 showed good chymotrypsin activity with IC 50 values of 6.4 ± 0.19, 15.6 ± 0.46 and 18.4 ± 0.65 μm, respectively, as compared to standard chymostatin with IC 50 = 5.
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