Two genes controlling the purple pericarp trait in wheat, TaPpm1 and TaPpb1, are identified and the mechanism by which they co-regulate anthocyanin synthesis is proposed.
β-Glucan is an important chemical found in cereals, tremendously beneficial to human health. In this study, β-glucan contents in wild and cultivated barley from representative regions worldwide were investigated. Results exhibited that coefficient of variation of β-glucan content of wild and cultivated barley was 24.18% and 13.99%, respectively. The β-glucan contents of studied wild barley accessions were ranged from 3.26% to 7.67% while cultivated barley varieties were ranged from 2.68% to 4.74%. A significant difference of β-glucan content (p ≤ 0.001) was found between wild and cultivated barely. Wild barley showed a higher β-glucan content and variation than cultivated barley. This study gives an idea about elite germplasms for genetic improvement and shed light to trace barley domestication in relation to grain metabolite view.
The branched spike phenotype is an important supernumerary spikelet trait of Triticum turgidum L. associated with the production of significantly more grains per spike, thereby offering a higher potential yield. However, the genetic basis of branch meristem (BM) development remains to be fully elucidated in wheat. TAW1, an ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1) family gene, has been shown to function as a unique regulator in promoting BM development in rice. In this study, we found that the development pattern of the BMs of the branched spike in wheat was similar to the indeterminate BMs of rice. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis classified the ALOG genes into 12 groups. This family of genes was found to have evolved independently in eudicots and monocots and was evolutionarily conserved between wheat and rice as well as during wheat polyploidization. Furthermore, experiments revealed that TtALOG2-1A, a TAW1-homologous gene, plays a significant role in regulating the transition of indeterminate BM fate. Finally, large-scale RNA-sequencing studies and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments revealed that members of the TtALOGs may act upstream of the TtMADS22, TtMADS47, and TtMADS55 genes to promote indeterminate BM activities. Our findings further knowledge on BM development in wheat.
Blue grained wheat contained a higher quantity of natural anthocyanin compounds while normal commercial wheat does not have. Though the genes related to several colours of wheat have been identified, the major genes in blue wheat are still unrevealed. Hence, combining the SNP mapping, and transcriptome analysis, pivotal genes regulating blue grain trait was identified. SNP genotyping was carried out in an F2 blue and white wheat population. The blue trait was controlled by a gene/locus located between two SNP markers of IWB 18525 and IWB16381 on the 4D chromosome. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that 40 structural differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to anthocyanin biosynthesis had significant expression differences between blue and non-blue samples. Among them, 12 DEGs expressed only in blue samples while 2 DEGs were specific to blue wheat. Only two F3'5'H genes located in 4D (Traes_4DL_27C195FDE, Traes_4DL_5A3D8F519) were consistent with the location results performed in SNP genotyping. Further, F3'5'H is considered as the main enzyme for Delphinidin compounds, cause for blue colouration. Hence, two genes encoding F3'5'H in the 4D chromosome preferentially account for the blue pigmentation in wheat.
Small seeded groundnut varieties utilized for the chocolate balls and candies have huge demand by the producers. In the present study, through a screening process of exotic germplasm, a new small seeded groundnut line (SAARC NO 201) was identified as a promising variety for the industry. The SAARC NO 201 line matured within 3 months. The average yield of the line was 2.7 t ha −1 (±0.14) higher than that of Tissa (2.3 t ha −1 ±0.24) and ANKG1 (2. 3 t ha −1 ±0.13). The potential yield of the SAARC NO 201 line was 4.2 t ha −1 . Further, it was moderately resistant to collar rot, leaf spot, rust, and bud necrosis disease and leaf-eating caterpillars at field level. Hence, it has been released by the Department of agriculture in 2020, renaming as ANKGN4/Tiny considering its suitability for the chocolate ball industry and the greater potential for increasing productivity of groundnut in Sri Lanka.
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