Patients   with   thyroid   dysfunction   are   well   represented   in   the general   population. Hyperthyroidism can develop as a paraneoplastic syndrome in germ cell tumors. Testicular seminoma as a form of germ cell tumors, can express human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Beta-hCG strongly resembles TSH. A 26-year-old male with a history of cryptorchidism, came to Dr. Soetomo Hospital with the complaints of palpitation, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue,  nervousness,  excessive  sweating,  and  heat intolerance.  He  also  complained  of enlarged breast and a palpable mass in lower abdomen for 4 months. From the TSH and FT4 examinations, patient’s symptoms were in accordance with thyrotoxicosis. Anti-TPO and thyroid USG examination were within normal limits. Patient was treated with beta-blocker and thiamazole. Histopathology of abdominal mass showed a testicular seminoma. After surgery and chemoterapy, the clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism gradually improved. Administration of beta-blocker and thiamazole was stopped in 4 months after surgery. Many of germ cell tumors in male are associated with cryptorchidism, half of them being testicular seminoma. Seminoma expresses hCG.  At  very high levels, hCG can stimulate the TSH receptors,  causing  hyperthyroidism  or  thyrotoxicosis.  TSH  and  FT4  measurement  were needed in patient with suspected hyperthyroidism. Anti-TPO test is performed to exclude autoimmune cause of thyroid disease. Symptomatic management of beta-hCG induced hyperthyroidism is not different from hyperthyroidism in general, namely administration of beta-blocker  and  anti-thyroid  drugs.  However,  the  definitive  treatments  are  surgery and chemotherapy. Hyperthyroidism in germ cell tumors almost all responds well to surgery and chemotherapy.Patients   with   thyroid   dysfunction   are   well   represented   in   the   general   population. Hyperthyroidismcandevelopasaparaneoplasticsyndromeingermcelltumors.Testicularseminomaasaformofgermcelltumors,canexpresshumanchorionicgonadotropin(hCG). Beta-hCGstronglyresemblesTSH.A26-year-oldmalewithahistoryofcryptorchidism,cametoDr.SoetomoHospitalwiththecomplaintsofpalpitation,diarrhea,weightloss, fatigue,  nervousness,  excessive  sweating,  and  heat  intolerance.  He  also  complained  ofenlargedbreastandapalpablemassinlowerabdomenfor4months.FromtheTSHandFT4examinations,patient’ssymptomswereinaccordancewiththyrotoxicosis.Anti-TPOandthyroidUSGexaminationwerewithinnormallimits.Patientwastreatedwithbeta-blocker andthiamazole.Histopathology ofabdominal massshowedatesticularseminoma.After surgery andchemoterapy,theclinicalsymptomsofhyperthyroidismgraduallyimproved. Administration ofbeta-blockerand thiamazolewasstoppedin 4monthsaftersurgery.Many ofgermcelltumorsin maleareassociatedwith cryptorchidism,halfofthembeing testicular seminoma.SeminomaexpresseshCG.  At  veryhighlevels,hCGcanstimulatetheTSH receptors,  causing  hyperthyroidism  or  thyrotoxicosis.  TSH  and  FT4  measurement  were neededin patientwithsuspectedhyperthyroidism.Anti-TPOtestisperformedtoexclude autoimmunecauseof thyroiddisease. Symptomaticmanagementof beta-hCGinduced hyperthyroidismisnotdifferentfromhyperthyroidismingeneral,namely administrationof beta-blocker  and  anti-thyroid  drugs.  However,  the  definitive  treatments  are  surgeryand chemotherapy.Hyperthyroidismingermcell tumorsalmostall respondswelltosurgery and chemotherapy.

Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a big public health problem worldwide. Although TB most commonly affects the lungs, any organ or tissue can be involved. TB arthritis is a rare form of extra-pulmonary TB. TB arthritis usually manifests as mild and non-specific arthritis. A 35-year-old male was admitted to the emergency room of Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya due to pain of left knee since two days prior to admission. His symptom began on previous six months with the swelling of the left knee that gradually worsened so that he had an antalgic gait. Radiological examination of left knee joint showed inflammatory arthritis, accompanied by joint effusion and soft tissue swelling. USG examination of the left knee showed the presence of non-specific left knee arthritis. Patient underwent debridement. Anatomical pathology examination of the tissue obtained at the time of debridement, showed the TB granulomatous inflammation. The Ziehl-Nielson stain of left knee tissue also showed the TB granulomatous inflammation. Patient was then treated with analgesics and anti-TB drugs. The intensive phase of anti-TB therapy was planned to be 2 month, then evaluated and followed by continuation phase for about 7 months. The knee joint is the third most common site of osteoarticular TB after spine and hip. Insidious onset of pain which, in some patients may be present for years, is the usual presentation. The joint is usually warm, and wasting of the thigh muscles is usually marked. Synovial hypertrophy and effusion are present in most patients. The gold standard for diagnosis of TB arthritis is synovial biopsy, with positive results in 80% of cases. It shows caseating granulomas, lymphocytes, and giant cells with caseation, which are characteristics of TB arthritis. Synovial biopsy is generally recommended in any arthritis where clinical evaluation and routine investigations do not give a clear diagnosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Although TB most commonly affects the lungs, any organ or tissue can be involved. Extra-pulmonary forms of TB are commonly unrecognized or late diagnosed. Chylous effusion, i.e. chylothorax and chylous ascites, which is characterized by the presence of chyle in the pleural and peritoneal cavities, is an uncommon manifestation of extra-pulmonary TB. A 22-year-old male, referred to Dr. Soetomo Hospital with complaints of dyspnea, fever, and abdominal distension. Chest X-ray showed pleural effusion. Analysis of fluid obtained from thoracentesis and paracentesis showed chylothorax and chylous ascites. M. tuberculosis had been found in sputum smear examination. ADA (adenosine deaminase) test was performed on ascites fluid and a positive result was obtained. Chylous effusion in this patient were concluded to be related to TB. Patient was then treated with anti-TB drugs and somatostatin. Chylothorax and chylous ascites improved after treatment with somatostatin for 1 week. Administration of anti-TB drugs was planned to be continued for 9 months. The most common causes of non-traumatic chylous effusion in developing countries are infection of TB and filariasis. Chylous effusion is caused by obstruction or disruption of the lymphatic system. ADA test is a new biomedical method that begins to expand its use in body fluids to diagnose extra-pulmonary TB. Fasting, together with total parenteral nutrition, can decrease the lymph flow and balance metabolic impairment. Somatostatin has been used in the treatment of chylous effusion as it diminishes peristalsis and intestinal absorption of fats as well as decreases portal pressure.

Ketoasidosis diabetik (KAD) merupakan kegawatdaruratan pada diabetes melitus (DM) yang didefinisikan sebagai trias hiperglikemia, ketonemia, dan asidosis. Ketoasidosis diabetik menyebabkan tingkat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi meskipun terapi diabetes telah berkembang. Aspek krusial dari tata laksana KAD meliputi pemberian cairan dan elektrolit, terutama kalium, dalam jumlah adekuat, dan pemberian insulin secara kontinu.Status hidrasi penderita dengan KAD dan gagal jantung dapat dinilai dengan pemeriksaan fisik, seperti kesadaran, tandatanda vital, capillary refill time, turgor kulit, tekanan vena jugularis, dan tanda-tanda edema paru. Metode invasif dan non-invasif dapat pula menilai kecukupan cairan pada rehidrasi penderita dengan KAD dan gagal jantung. Metode invasif meliputi tekanan vena sentral dan tekanan arteri pulmonal, sementara metode non-invasif meliputi ekokardiografi, bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA), dan brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). Dengan penilaian status hemodinamik yang tepat di unit perawatan intensif, pasien gagal jantung yang mengalami KAD dapat diberikan cairan dalam jumlah adekuat sehingga terhindar dari dehidrasi ataupun overhidrasi.

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