BACKGROUNDExisting literature has found that the ways in which people transition to adulthood has changed substantially in most Western countries since the late 1960s, but few studies have investigated such changes in the Chinese context. OBJECTIVEThis study examines a new pattern in family and work-related roles during the transition to adulthood among Chinese youth born between 1930 and 1979. METHODSThe China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study conducted in 2014 provides life history data for consecutive years. Multichannel sequence analysis is applied to 19,002 respondents to identify the clusters of trajectories to adulthood. Multinomial logistic regression is used to estimate the likelihood of belonging to each of the clusters of pathways to adulthood. RESULTSWe identify a new pattern, characterized by growing diversity and delay, in the transition to adulthood, which was mainly reflected in the long studies and stable employment cluster in the domain of employment and the staying single longer cluster in the field of family life course. Males and urban residents were more likely to fall into the patterns characterized by high education, stable work, and late transition. Female and rural residents tended to fall into the categories characterized by low education, agricultural work, and early transition. CONCLUSIONSThe trajectories to adulthood exhibited by Chinese youth are policy-driven and nonautonomous and have been affected by government policies.

Background Existing research has rarely examined an earthquake’s sustained impact and the trajectory of the earthquake survivors’ life satisfaction over time. This study aims to analyze longitudinal changes in life satisfaction of Wenchuan earthquake survivors and the impact of social capital and government relief policy. Methods This research applied a hierarchical linear model to longitudinal survey data collected after the earthquake. The survey was divided into three waves and was collected from Deyang City and Mianyang City of Sichuan Province. A random sampling method was used; a sample of 225 participants had valid responses over three waves of the survey. Results This study found that a survivor’s social capital and the perception of the fairness of government relief policy have a significant effect on the trajectory of life satisfaction post-disaster. First, the initial life satisfaction of those with high social capital was significantly higher than of those with low social capital, whilst survivors with high social capital had a lower rate of change in life satisfaction. Second, one year after the earthquake, those who felt government policy was unfair had a lower life satisfaction than those who felt it was fair. However, from the first year to the fourth year after the disaster, survivors who believed that the government policy was unfair experienced a higher rate of change in life satisfaction than those who did not. Third, the fairness of government relief policy moderates the relationship between survivors’ social capital and changes in life satisfaction. A fair policy of relief can reduce the negative impact of the lack of individual social capital on life satisfaction. Conclusions Survivors reconstruct life satisfaction through their social network and the perception of the fairness of the government’s post-disaster relief policy. Therefore, to promote the improvement of life satisfaction of survivors, it is necessary to cultivate social capital and ensure fairness of the relief policy.

Background Given the urban-rural structure and the increase in rural-to-urban migration, three types of children have emerged in contemporary China: rural, urban, and migrant children. Health disparities among these types of children have caused widespread concern, being the main contributor to health inequalities among children in China. The purpose of this study was to investigate health disparities among these children and the mechanisms underlining them. Methods This research applied multiple linear regression to data obtained from the Chinese Education Panel Survey (CEPS), a national representative survey of 7772 students from 2014 to 2015. Multiple linear regression with interactive terms was used to explore how gender and father’s education moderate the degree of health inequalities among the children. ‘Height for age Z-scores’ (HAZ) was deployed as the indicator of the children’s health status, with larger scores indicating better health status. Results The findings of the current study were threefold: First, this study found significant health disparities among the three types of children. Urban children are generally the healthiest (M = 1.064), followed by migrant children, (M = 0.779) and rural children (M = 0.612). Second, fathers’ education significantly compensates for the heath disparities among the children. Fathers’ education has a larger effect in compensating a rural-migrant difference (b = − 0.018, P < 0.05) than a rural-urban difference (b = − 0.016, P < 0.1). Third, the compensating effect of the fathers’ education varies by gender. The compensating effect is larger for boys (b = 0.028, P < 0.001) than for girls (b = 0.025, P < 0.01). Conclusions This study found significant health inequalities among urban, migrant, and rural children, which might be shaped by the distinction of urban-rural structure and the process of rural-to-urban migration in contemporary China. Fathers’ education also plays an important role in narrowing—but not eliminating—the health inequality between urban and rural children. Furthermore, the compensating effect of fathers’ education is higher for boys than for girls, reflecting the patriarchal tradition in China. The currents study suggests that to promote the healthy growth of children, it is necessary to consider the health inequalities among different types of children when developing health-related policies. Factors like family socioeconomic status and gender may likewise play an important role in the implementation of policies.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) have achieved remarkable photovoltaic efficiency. However, the commercial SnO2 ETLs show various shortcomings. The SnO2 precursor is prone to agglomeration, resulting in poor morphology with numerous interface defects. Additionally, the open circuit voltage (Voc) would be constrained by the energy level mismatch between the SnO2 and the perovskite. And, few studies designed SnO2‐based ETLs to promote crystal growth of PbI2, a crucial prerequisite for obtaining high‐quality perovskite films via the two‐step method. Herein, we proposed a novel bilayer SnO2 structure that combined the atomic layer deposition (ALD) and sol‐gel solution to well address the aforementioned issues. Due to the unique conformal effect of ALD‐SnO2, it can effectively modulate the roughness of FTO substrate, enhance the quality of ETL, and induce the growth of PbI2 crystal phase to develop the crystallinity of perovskite layer. Furthermore, a created built‐in field of the bilayer SnO2 can help to overcome the electron accumulation at the ETL/perovskite interface, leading to a higher Voc and fill factor. Consequently, the efficiency of PSCs with ionic liquid solvent increases from 22.09% to 23.86%, maintaining 85% initial efficiency in a 20% humidity N2 environment for 1300 h.

Although many existing studies have shown that family-related adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a negative effect on individual health, few studies have examined the role of childhood friendships in the relationship between ACEs and health outcomes. The present study used ordered logistic regression analyze the data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2014, which is a national representative survey, to investigate the impact of family-related ACEs on self-rated health in childhood and adulthood and the moderating effects of childhood friendships. We found that respondents whose ACEs included physical and emotional neglect, parental physical illness, parental mental illness, family economic hardship, experience of starvation, lived in insecure neighborhood, and lived in unclean community, had a lower self-rated health in childhood and adulthood than those without ACEs. Peer relationship moderates the impact of family-related ACEs—namely, family economic hardship and parental physical illness—on health outcomes, and the increase of peer relationship can reduce adverse effects. Our findings suggest that family-related ACEs are not only related to health in the early life, but also to health outcomes in adulthood. Childhood friendships can reduce the adverse effects of ACEs on health outcomes throughout an individual's life course. Therefore, it is necessary to actively cultivate children's peer relationship networks and improve the quality of childhood friendship.