C ollaboration is increasing in importance as physics research continues to focus on fewer, larger, and more expensive projects. Experiments in the U.S. research program on magnetic-fusion energy are currently operated as national projects using teams of scientists from many institutions, most with international representation. A next-generation experiment is being designed as an international effort and will be operated with worldwide involvement. Future facilities will support continuous operation for which interactive, real-time experimentation becomes an important issue. To minimize the need for relocation and travel by researchers and their families and to sustain scientists' continued active involvement from their home institutions, we have been exploring techniques for interactive remote participation in experiments. 1,2 High-performance wide-area networks and powerful workstations are helping us to create a distributed computing and information environment. In our approach, process-toprocess communications over high-speed wide-area networks provide real-time synchronization and exchange of data among multiple computer networks. Considerable additional information associated with a control-room environment is also made available to the off-site collaborators, so that they can be integrated into experimental operations. Shared audio and visual environments help to nurture close personal interaction among researchers at multiple sites. This sort of organization of a research project is often referred to as a "collaboratory." 3 Background Magnetic-fusion-energy research involves the scientific exploration of methods for confining and heating an ionized gas, or plasma, to temperatures in the range of tens of millions of degrees for energy-recycling times of a few seconds. In a plasma, isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, undergo fusion reactions in which these ions combine to form helium with the release of energy in the form of neutrons. These reactions are the same that fuel our sun and the stars and can in principle be used to generate a nearly limitless supply of energy for future generations. In addition to fusion, the rele
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Integrating the EHR, that is, enabling the EHR and other software applications to exchange data with each other without loss of meaning or accuracy, is one of the critical tasks of the EHR implementation and of ongoing production support. Integrating the EHR begins with defining the components to be integrated. The EHR suite is a suite of applications that you purchase from the vendor and that share a common database. It may include scheduling, registration, outpatient EHR, inpatient EHR, Emergency Department EHR, ADT, pharmacy, laboratory billing, and other applications. Ancillary applications are external to the EHR suite, but send information to the suite's database (for example, laboratory and pathology results) and may receive information from it (e.g., patient demographics) (see Figure 11.1).While part of the value proposition of buying an EHR suite from one vendor is that the suite's components are theoretically integrated from the design stage forward, this is not likely to be entirely the case. So EHR integration has a dual focus: first on establishing interfaces with ancillary applications, and second on integrating data definitions and shared software functions within the EHR suite.
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