Management factors such as N fertilizer rate and seeding date can significantly influence oat (Avena sativa L.) grain milling quality. The effects of N fertilizer and seeding date on the grain yield and milling quality of four oat cultivars were evaluated using two N rates (40 kg ha−1 applied at seeding or 40 kg ha−1 applied at seeding plus 20 kg ha−1 applied at the boot stage) and two seeding dates. Studies were conducted at Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue, PQ, Canada, from 1990 to 1992 and at Ste‐Rosalie, PQ, in 1991. Nitrogen treatments had little effect on milling quality at Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue, but hull percentage decreased and plump grain percentage increased with higher N in the Ste‐Rosalie experiment. Delayed seeding reduced yields in all four experiments. In the Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue experiments, delayed seeding reduced test weight, 1000‐grain weight, plump grain percentage, and theoretical milling yield and increased percentage of hull, thin grain, and bosom grain. In the Ste‐Rosalie experiment, opposite effects were observed; this may have resulted from reduced production of secondary and tertiary seeds in the late‐seeded treatments. For most milling quality characteristics, significant differences between cultivars were observed, and cultivars interacted with management treatments. In general, the higher application rate of N did not improve oat grain milling quality sufficiently to warrant its usage. Later seeding resulted in inferior yields at all locations, but did not necessarily reduce milling quality. The correct choice of cultivar seems crucial for production of high‐quality milling oat grain.
Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.
Yellow spot (syn. tan spot), caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis , is an important foliar disease of wheat in Australia that causes losses exceeding 50 % when conditions are favourable for disease development. Although good progress has been made internationally to understand yellow spot resistance, relatively few resistance genes have been identifi ed and mapped in Australian germplasm and only one (tsn1 on chromosome 5BL) is in general and known use in Australian breeding programs. Although tsn1 is an important yellow spot resistance gene, it doesn't explain the full spectrum of resistance and there is a signifi cant opportunity to enhance expression of yellow spot resistance through identifi cation of resistance factors other than tsn1. Six doubled haploid (DH) mapping populations (fi ve of which were fi xed for tsn1) were screened for yellow spot resistance at the seedling/ tillering and adult plant stages at the Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (DAFWA) and the Department of Environment and Primary Industries Victoria (DEPIVic) from 2009 to 2012. Four of the above populations were screened at the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Queensland (DAFFQ). Frequency distribution of individuals within each population for various levels of yellow spot resistance was continuous indicating that resistance is conditioned by several genes with partial effects. A few lines within each population consistently showed high levels of resistance probably resulting from a combination of several genes with additive effects. Nine new loci for yellow spot resistance were mapped
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