Objective
The reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in high‐educated individuals has been proposed to reflect brain cognitive reserve, which would provide more efficient compensatory mechanisms against the underlying pathology, and thus delayed clinical expression. Our aim was to find possible differences in brain amyloid ligand 11C‐labeled Pittsburgh Compound B ([11C]PIB) uptake and glucose metabolism in high‐ and low‐educated patients with mild AD.
Methods
Twelve high‐educated and 13 low‐educated patients with the same degree of cognitive deterioration were studied with PET using [11C]PIB and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose as ligands. The between‐group differences were analyzed with voxel‐based statistical method, and quantitative data were obtained with automated region‐of‐interest analysis.
Results
High‐educated patients showed increased [11C]PIB uptake in the lateral frontal cortex compared with low‐educated patients. Moreover, high‐educated patients had significantly lower glucose metabolic rate in the temporoparietal cortical regions compared with low‐educated patients.
Interpretation
Our results suggesting more advanced pathological and functional brain changes in high‐educated patients with mild AD are in accordance with the brain cognitive reserve hypothesis and point out the importance of development of reliable markers of underlying AD pathology for early AD diagnostics. Ann Neurol 2007
In the aftermath of the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, community-led temporary and adaptive urbanism filled a gap between the emergency response and recovery. In the space between response and recovery, the citizens of Christchurch showed their commitment to rethinking how they wanted to rebuild and then regenerate their city, leading to the embrace of collaborative processes, temporary and adaptive urbanism principles and a range of placemaking responses. In this chapter, the role of placemaking as a tool for post-disaster regeneration and resilience is considered by assessing three case study placemaking projects: the Re:START Mall, the Festival of Transitional Architecture (FESTA) and the placemaking programme at the Commons. Their development along with their success is considered within the context of the recovery of Christchurch and, in particular, how they align to the The Resilient Greater Christchurch Framework as it is set out in the Resilient Greater Christchurch Plan, in order to determine their role in building the resilience of Christchurch.
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