Recent economic diversifications of Kazakhstan from over-reliance on the extraction of natural resources are mainly based on increasing the quality of human capital by building a knowledge-based economy as an instrument for long-term sustainable development. In this regard, the paper explores the level of cognitive skills of the adult population in Kazakhstan and their associations with important life outcomes. Research is based on one of the prominent studies in adult literacy — The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), and revealed that the performance of Kazakhstanis in information-processing skills is below the average; smaller differences in competencies between the top and bottom performers, which indicates small inequalities in skills acquisition; and a low level of variance between adults with tertiary and secondary education, demonstrating the low education quality. Multiple linear regression of the research indicates that the educational attainment of the population has the highest association with all three information-processing skills, while labor force participation negatively affects the growth of literacy, numeracy, and problem-solving in technology-rich environment (PS-TRE) skills. The main recommendations of the paper are to profoundly transform social institutions, enhance national educational quality, and exercise continuous learning in the country.
Promoting security has a broad definition of ensuring functional integrity and preserving the independent identity of states and societies. The bipolar era dominated the conventional military-political approach to ensuring the security of nations. Since the end of the Cold War, non-traditional threats have taken an important place in the political agenda of the world. Many issues with non-traditional security threats are considered the results of global trends, where globalization is an objective process that makes the world more interconnected and interdependent. Nowadays most national and global security agendas contain vast areas of sustainable development. They cover various non-traditional matters in political, economic, social, and environmental spheres, such as climate change, energy security, freedom of speech, human rights, rule of law, government regulatory quality, trade and economic stability, research, and development, and so on. This paper explores major definitions and gives a broad introduction to non-traditional security and introduction to its schools of thought within the broad political science discipline
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