Parotid secretion of alpha-amylase and potassium (K+) was determined in young adults following intense exercise. Exercise stress led to a significant elevation in alpha-amylase and K+ secretion, indicating an activation of adrenergic receptors supplying the parotid gland. Evidence of circadian variation or adaptation over days was not found.
Mouse embryo-derived AKR-2B fibroblasts and murine fibrosarcoma cells (the 1591 cell line) were transfected with a murine transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) cDNA under the transcriptional control of either the simian virus-40 early promoter or the cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer. Selected clones secreted 2- to 4-fold more TGF beta-competing activity into their media than the parental cell line or neomycin-transfected controls. The TGF beta 1 released into the cell-conditioned medium was latent. Despite the latency of the overexpressed TGF beta 1, TGF beta 1-transfected cells exhibited phenotypic features of TGF beta 1-treated cells. When confluent, the TGF beta 1-transfected cells had the morphological characteristics of the parental cells that have been treated with active TGF beta 1. AKR-2B cells that expressed higher levels of TGF beta 1 also expressed high levels of c-sis and c-myc mRNAs and decreased TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3 mRNAs in the same manner as parental AKR-2B cells that had been treated with active TGF beta 1. The transfected 1591 cells that overexpressed TGF beta 1 bound less [125I]TGF beta 1 than did parental 1591 cells, but after a mild acid wash demonstrated an increase in [125I]TGF beta 1 binding. Our results suggest that these TGF beta 1-transfected fibroblast and fibrosarcoma cells have the capacity to activate TGF beta; however, as very little activated TGF beta is detected in the medium, it is hypothesized that these cells activate latent TGF beta 1 and bind the activated TGF beta 1, thus acquiring a phenotype consistent with TGF beta 1-treated cells.
This retrospective analysis of cross-country (XC) and downhill (DH) injuries is based on the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) data files and a survey of XC and DH skiing population demographics conducted by the National Ski Retailers Association (NSRA). The study finds that within each sport, the injury population and population at risk demographics are quite similar, but there are significant differences between the two sports in terms of the injury patterns and between the two populations at risk. There are significant interactions between the two sports with respect to gender. The mean levels of severity of injury are not significantly different. There are implications with regard to injury mechanisms as well as hardware factors.
INTRODUCTION: Clinical observations ascertain a comorbid development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer (LC). Here, a more favorable prognosis for patients with LC depends on detection of the disease in early stages, when radical treatment is possible. This determines the importance of a detailed examination of the function of the external respiration using modern methods to identify predictors of lung cancer. AIM: To study the peculiarities of disorders in the apparatus of external respiration (AER) in patients with LC developed with the underlying COPD (LC + COPD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A clinical and functional examination of 33 individuals was conducted — 10 healthy (control group), 12 patients with COPD and 11 patients with LC + COPD, using methods of spirography, pneumotachography and body plethysmography. RESULTS: In patients with COPD, as well as in those with LC + COPD, a statistically significant decrease in the median values of vital capacity of lungs (VCL), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), flow-volume curve (PFER, MEF50, MEF75) and an increase in respiratory minute volume (RMV), residual lung volume (RLV), the ratio of residual lung volume to total lung capacity (RLV/TLC) and bronchial resistance (Raw) were revealed. It was found that in patients with LC + COPD, the median values of VСL, RLV/TLC, Raw did not differ, while the values of flow-volume curve were reduced as compared to patients with COPD. The observed decrease in the air flow rate parameters in the absence of differences in Raw indicates the extrapulmonary causes of these changes. CONCLUSION: In the course of the study, high reserve capacities of the apparatus of external respiration were found. The obtained parameters turned out to be of low informative value for diagnosis of development of LC with the underlying COPD. In patients with LC + COPD, the study of AER function, in addition to spirography and pneumotachography, should include body plethysmography, to avoid overdiagnosis of broncho-obstructive syndrome.
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