The potato yellow vein disease, caused by the potato yellow vein virus (PYVV), is a limiting potato disease in northern South America. The virus can be transmitted either by the greenhouse whitefly (GWF), Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), or through vegetative propagules, such as infected tubers. Recently, GWF populations have been spotlighted as one of the main drivers of PYVV re-emergence, and consequently, PYVV management has been predominantly directed toward vector control, which is heavily based on insecticide use. However, the drivers of the PYVV outbreaks as well as the contribution of GWF populations on the spread of PYVV among potato crops are still not completely understood. This study aims to assess the role of the GWF as a driver of the PYVV epidemic in the potato-producing areas in Colombia, one of the countries more severely affected by the PYVV epidemic, and whose geography allows the study of the spatial association between the vector and the disease epidemic across a wide altitude range. The geographical clusters where the PYVV epidemic is concentrated, as well as those of farms affected by the GWF were identified using a novel spatial epidemiology approach. The influence of altitude range on the association between PYVV and T. vaporarioum was also assessed. We found a relatively poor spatial association between PYVV epidemic and the presence of the GWF, especially at altitudes above 3,000 m above mean sea level. Furthermore, GWF populations could only explain a small fraction of the extent of the PYVV epidemic in Colombia. Movement of infected seed tubers might be the main mechanism of dispersion, and could be a key driver for the PYVV infection among potato crops. Agricultural policies focused on improving quality of seed tubers and their appropriate distribution could be the most efficient control intervention against PYVV dispersion.
Plants are equipped with complex regulatory networks whose main components are common for both biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, many of these components function antagonistically due to negative cross-talks between disease resistance and response to environmental stress (Zhang & Sonnewald, 2017). One of the best-studied plant responses to simultaneous abiotic-biotic stresses is the drought-disease interaction, which may shift from mutualistic to pathogenic, depending on the pathogen under study, the plant genotype and drought severity (Roossinck, 2015). Some plant viruses can have a dual transmission mode: horizontal (within the same generation) and vertical (from parents to their offspring). These viruses are faced with a trade-off between horizontal transmission, which involves high viral replication rates and virulence, and vertical transmission, which requires low viral replication rates and high host survival and reproduction (Lipsitch et al., 1996). However, environmental factors may resolve this trade-off by modulating stress-induced plant susceptibility to viral replication.
RESUMENEl agua es una fuente importante de contaminación en pacientes odontológicos, esta contaminación se ha clasificado en dos clases: la primera, proveniente del suministro primario de agua, es decir, del agua pública y, la segunda, la que se encuentra adherida a las paredes de las mangueras de la unidad odontológica formando una biocapa, que se forma por los fluidos orales que son aspirados durante el procedimiento. La biocapa estará continuamente contaminando las mangueras de la unidad y expulsando microorganismos a la cavidad oral del paciente donde se generan aerosoles que pueden contaminar el ambiente, las superficies, los instrumentos y al personal de salud, lo que representa un riesgo en salud pública. En Colombia, no existen reportes oficiales ni datos que permitan controlar este problema de salud pública, por lo que los riesgos de contaminación e infección bacteriana siguen siendo latentes en la actualidad.Palabras clave: odontología, infecciones oportunistas, microbiología del agua, salud pública. Water quality of dental units ABSTRACTWater is a main source of contamination in dental patients, classified into two classes: the first from the primary water supply, (ie,public water) and the second one, which is attached to the hoses walls of the dental unit, forming a biofilm. Due to stagnation of oral fluids are aspirated during the procedure.The biofilm will be continuously polluting the hoses from the unit and expelling microorganisms to the patient's oral cavity where they generate aerosols that can contaminate the environment, surfaces, instruments and health personnel, which is a public health risk. In Colombia there are not official reports or data to control this public health problem, so the risk of bacterial contamination and infection are still latent today.
<p>Recientemente los aspectos biológicos de las reconstrucciones fijas han recibido atención porque los materiales usados en estas prácticas poseen gran capacidad de acumular y retener placa. Las bacterias de esta placa están dispuestas en una matriz denominada biopelícula. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las bacterias anaeróbicas presentes en el surco gingival de pacientes durante el tratamiento prostodóntico fijo. Se analizaron 45 muestras. Como grupo experimental, se estudiaron 30 muestras provenientes de pacientes con prótesis parcial fija y 15 muestras provenientes de personas sin este tratamiento prostodóntico, como grupo control.</p><p>Las muestras obtenidas con punta de papel, fueron aisladas en agar sangre e incubadas en medio anaerobio. Se les realizó la prueba de aerotolerancia y la identificación se hizo con el sistema RapID TM ANA II System Remel. Se aislaron 12 bacterias anaerobias correspondientes a: 8,33% bacilos Gram negativos; 58,33 % bacilos Gram positivos y 33,33 % cocos Gram positivos. En el grupo control ninguna bacteria anaerobia fue aislada. únicamente fueron observados cocos facultativos Gram positivos. Aunque no se ha descrito que la presencia de placa en prótesis fijas tenga alguna clase de impacto negativo sobre los tejidos periodontales, la acumulación de ésta por un período extendido puede convertirse en un factor de riesgo para un problema de salud pública, como la enfermedad periodontal. Los resultados de este estudio confirmaron que la presencia de prótesis fijas resultó en un cambio en la composición de la microflora anaeróbica del surco gingival, compatible con enfermedad periodontal.</p>
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