.[1] In water resources it is common to consider that two scalars have a similar behavior in the atmospheric surface layer. This is a consequence of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory whose direct implication is that all similarity functions between two scalars are equal. However, many works show that scalar similarity does not always hold under unstable conditions, a fact for which it is often difficult to establish a physical cause. In this paper, using a data set measured during winter over a tropical lake in Brazil (Furnas Lake), we found a relation between temperature-water vapor similarity and the strength of the surface forcing; we also confirmed that the classical balance between gradient production and molecular dissipation of scalar variance and covariance is key to scalar similarity. This balance can be disrupted by large values of the third-order transport terms, and possibly by nonstationary terms as well. In connection with the scalar variance and covariance budgets, we propose a new set of dimensionless scalar flux numbers which are able to make a good diagnosis of the aforementioned balance (or the lack thereof) for each budget. The fact that different Monin-Obukhov functions are not equally capable of identifying scalar similarity is also demonstrated and a new bulk indicator of scalar flux similarity is proposed whose absolute value, unlike the relative transfer efficiency, is bounded above by 1; this new indicator holds also in the spectral domain. Finally, we verify that low-frequency dissimilarity has a larger impact over scalar similarity than over scalar flux similarity.
A numerical study of the effect of entrainment fluxes at the top of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) on dissimilarity between scalars within the mixed and surface layers is conducted. Simulation results clearly show that entrainment fluxes of opposite sign cause decorrelation between the scalars throughout the entire ABL. In the upper part of the mixed layer, this decorrelation is caused by changes in the covariance between the scalars and the scalar variance as well, and is distributed over the entire range of scales resolved in the simulation. Near the surface, the reduction in correlation coefficient originates from an increasing scalar variance, which is present exclusively in the large scales. These effects are noticeable on time scales of about 24 min or longer, and could be interpreted as nonstationarity for the typical 30-min periods used in surface-layer data processing. In addition, it is shown that, for the conditions studied here, the scalar correlation coefficient within the surface layer scales with the measurement height normalized by the ABL depth and not by the Obukhov length.
Nos últimos anos, a preocupação com o aumento das emissões de poluentes por veículos automotores tem aumentado. No Brasil há diversas regulamentações no sentido de controlar essas emissões. A quantificação dos poluentes emitidos, além de ser um instrumento de gestão ambiental, também é item necessário para atender à legislação. No Brasil, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente fez um levantamento geral das emissões veiculares e como resultado apresentou, no início de 2011, o Primeiro Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas por Veículos Automotores Rodoviários. Nesse inventário são apresentados fatores de emissão para diferentes poluentes, combustíveis, e categorias de veículos. Com base nesses fatores, e tendo como objetivo facilitar o cálculo das emissões de poluentes por veículos automotores, neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia (simplificada) e um programa de computador (BRevê.py) capaz de calcular as emissões veiculares de frotas brasileiras de veículos. O programa apresentado possui código aberto e livre e pode ser solicitado aos autores via e-mail. Para demonstrar a facilidade de aplicação do programa desenvolvido, um exemplo simplificado, bem como seus resultados, são apresentados.
A similaridade entre flutuações de escalares na camada limite atmosférica (CLA) é hipótese fundamental em estudos relacionados com poluição do ar, disponibilidade hídrica e emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Em função de sua importância e da dificuldade de verificação de sua validade a partir de experimentos de campo, neste trabalho utilizamos Large-eddy Simulation (LES) para tentar entender o comportamento das flutuações de temperatura e umidade específica sobre uma superfície heterogênea.
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