The relationship between autism, criminality and psychopathy has gained increased attention in recent years, although research has focused on autism spectrum disorders, and not autistic traits. We measured autistic traits (with the Autism Spectrum Quotient) in a sample of 101 inmates from a high-security prison and compared them to a control group, using a logistic regression model that included age, education, psychopathology, psychopathy and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder as covariates. Prisoners had more autistic traits (OR 1.13, p = 0.002) due to higher scores in the communication (OR 1.23) and imagination (OR 1.30) domains. No correlations were found between autistic and psychopathic traits. Our study points to the presence of autistic traits as being independent risk factors for imprisonment, although not associated with psychopathy.
Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect people across their lifespan. Among those without an intelectual disability, the disorder may not become apparent until adulthood, when it usually presents with comorbidities. Objectives/Aims: As ASD symptoms are poorly recognized and assessed in adulthood, and the diagnosis is made easier by the application of appropriate evaluation scales, we intend to identify and describe all tools available for screening or diagnosing ASD in adults without intellectual disabilities, and report their psychometric properties. Methods: Pubmed, PsycINFO and Embase database search up until September/2014, using 'highfunctioning autism" or 'Asperger" and 'adult", combined with 'questionnaire", 'assessment", 'instrument" or 'scale" as search terms.
IntroductionDementia is one of the leading causes of disability and burden in Western countries. In Portugal, there is a lack of data regarding dementia prevalence in hospitalized elderly patients and factors associated with in-hospital adverse outcomes of these patients.ObjectivesDetermine dementia prevalence in acutely-ill medical hospitalized elderly patients and its impact in health outcomes.MethodsAll male patients (> 65 years) admitted to a medical ward (> 48 h) between 1.03.2015 to 31.08.2015 were included in the study. Patients were excluded if unable to be assessed due to sensorial deficits, communication problems or severity of the acute medical condition. Baseline evaluation included socio-demographic variables, RASS, NPI, Barthel Index and Confusion Assessment Method.ResultsThe final sample consisted of 270 male subjects with a mean age of 80.9 years, 116 (43%) having prior dementia. Dementia patients were significantly older (83.5 vs 78.9; P < 0.001) and had lower values of Barthel Index (dementia: 34.8 vs non-dementia: 85.8; P < 0.001). Mortality rate (9,3%) and length of hospitalization (11.2 days) were similar between groups (12.1 vs 7.1; P = 0.204 and 11.9 vs 10.6; P = 0.218, respectively). Patients with dementia had higher rates of all neuropsychiatric symptoms except depression, anxiety and mood elation. The level of consciousness (measured by RASS) was impaired in 50% of patients with dementia, which was significantly higher than in non-demented subjects (12.3%; P < 0.001). Delirium rates were 29.5% in dementia compared with 7.1% in controls (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThere is a high prevalence of dementia and an appreciable rate of delirium among these patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
IntroductionA significant proportion of acutely ill hospitalised elderly patients have impaired consciousness and this has been associated with increased mortality. It remains unclear which factors underlie this relation. Identification of mortality predictors in this population is important to improve care.ObjectivesDetermine if advanced age, cognitive impairment, high burden of comorbidities and poor functional status are predictors of increased mortality during hospitalisation in acutely-ill medical hospitalised elderly patients with altered state of consciousness.MethodsAll male patients (> 65 years) admitted to a medical ward (> 48 h) between 01/03/2015 to 31/08/2015 with delirium or RASS lower than–2 were included in the study. Patients were excluded if unable to be assessed due to sensorial deficits, communication problems or medical condition precluding the evaluation. Baseline evaluation included socio-demographic variables, RASS, CAM, IQCODE-SF, DSM-IV-TR criteria for dementia, Charlson Comorbidity Index and Barthel Index. The variables were entered in a logistic regression model (significance level < 0.05).ResultsThe final sample consisted of 75 male subjects with altered state of consciousness, 14 of them died during hospitalisation. Dementia and Barthel Index were significantly associated with mortality during hospitalisation (P = 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, age and Charlson Co-morbidity Index were not associated significantly with mortality during hospitalisation (P = 0.22 and P = 0.1, respectively).ConclusionsAcutely ill elderly patients with altered state of consciousness at admission have higher risk of death during hospitalisation if they have prior dementia or poor functional status. Health care should be improved to provide better response to this type of patients.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
IntroductionADHD is one of the most frequent neurodevelopment disorders with variable persistence into adulthood. Adults with ADHD have been found to have a greater risk for other comorbid psychiatric disorders.Objectives/Aims:The aim of this study was to identify psychiatric disorders with higher rates of comorbidity with ADHD than would be expected from the base rates of those disorders in the population at large.Methods:Systematic review of longitudinal prospective studies. Pubmed and PsycINFO search up to September 2014, using 'ADHD” and 'adult”, combined with 'comorbidity” or 'outcome” and 'longitudinal” or 'prospective” as search terms.Results:We found 8 studies that met our inclusion criteria. All of them have shown that ADHD persisted into adulthood in a significant percentage of children with ADHD. Elevated rates of antisocial personality disorder (ASD) have also been shown in all studies. Higher rates of major depressive disorder and substance use disorder across lifetime have been reported in four of those studies, with the others showing no differences between ADHD and control group. Three studies have shown higher rates of anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder. One study of ADHD girls has shown higher rates of eating disorders in females with childhood ADHD. Only one study evaluated other personality disorders than ASD, reporting elevated rates of passive-agressive personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder and borderline personality disorder in adults with childhood ADHD.Conclusion:Only ASD showed consistent comorbidity with ADHD in all studies. More studies are needed to extract accurate conclusions.
IntroductionADHD is associated with psychopathic traits, both in the general population and in perpetrators, due to the impulsivity, but not the affective component of psychopathy.ObjectivesTo analyze this relationship among a sample of inmates from a high-security male prison, using an instrument that further divides the callous-unemotional factor of psychopathy into boldness and cruelty, and see if they relate to ADHD independently from the impulsivity/disinhibition.MethodsOne hundred and one subjects aged 18–65, with at least 4 years of formal education, were interviewed for socio-demographic data and completed the ASRS-v1.1 (Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale) and the TriPM (Triarchic Psychopathy Measure). Subjects were divided into ADHD positive or negative according to their score in the ASRS-v1.1, and then compared regarding TriPM score (total, disinhibition, boldness and cruelty) using Student's t-test. Linear regression was used to assess independency between the subscales of TriPM.ResultsSeventeen subjects scored positive for ADHD. They significantly differed from the non-ADHD group regarding all psychopathy scores (total, t = −5.03, P < 0.0001; disinhibition, t = −3.53, P = 0.0006; and cruelty, t = −4.96, P < 0.0001), except for boldness (t = 1.97, P = 0.005). The cruelty score is independent from boldness (R2 = 0.03) but not from the disinhibition score (R2 = 0.24). Disinhibition and boldness are also unrelated (R2 = 0.01).ConclusionsIn line with previous work, our study shows a strong association between ADHD and psychopathy, with both conditions sharing the disinhibition/impulsivity factor. Although ADHD subjects score higher for cruelty, this isn’t independent from disinhibition, and may be a result of them being more prone to admit to cruel behaviours, due to deficient response inhibition.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.