AbstrakMi kering merupakan produk yang digemari oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Hal ini menyebabkan penggunaan tepung terigu dan impor gandum meningkat. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya bahan untuk substitusi tepung terigu, yaitu dengan labu kuning dan ikan tuna.Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mensubstitusi sebagian tepung terigu dengan tepung labu kuning dan tepung ikan tuna terhadap sifat sensoris, fisik, dan kimia mi kering yang dihasilkan. Formulasi mi kering dibuat dengan rasio tepung terigu:tepung labu kuning: 100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40 dan tepung ikan tuna sebanyak 0–25%, serta analisis mi kering meliputi sensori, fisik, kimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mi kering yang masih dapat diterima panelis, yaitu mi kering dengan rasio 80:20(tepung terigu:tepung labu kuning) dan penambahan tepung ikan tuna sampai dengan 20%. Penambahan tepung ikan tuna sebesar 10-25% pada mi kering dapat meningkatkan daya serap air, tingkat pengembangan, cooking loss, dan menurunkan nilai kekerasan sertatensile strength. Mi kering dengan penambahan tepung ikan tuna hingga 20% mampu meningkatkan kandungan protein hingga 2,53 kali dibandingkan mi kering kontrol (tanpa penambahan tepung ikan tuna) dengan kadar protein sebesar 23,74% db. Kesimpulannya, penggunaan tepung ikan tuna sebagai sumber protein pada mi kering dapat dilakukan sampai dengan 20%.Dry Noodles Characteristics of Substitution Wheat Flour with Pumpkin and Tuna FlourAbstractDry noodles are a product that is favored by the most people in Indonesia. That causes the use of wheat flour and wheat imports to increase. Therefore it is necessary to have materials to substitute wheat flour, namely with pumpkin and tuna.The purpose of this study was to determine the partial substitution of wheat flour with pumpkin and tuna flour on the sensory, physical, and chemical properties of the dried noodles produced. The stages of the research included the making of pumpkin and tuna flour, dry noodles formulation with the ratio of wheat flour: pumpkin flour of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and tuna flour at the concentration of 0–25%. The analysis of dried noodles was sensory, physical, chemical. The results showed that dry noodles were still acceptable to panelists, namely dry noodles with a ratio of 80:20 (wheat flour: pumpkin flour) and the addition of tuna flour up to 20%. The addition of tuna flour by 10-25% to dry noodles couldincrease water absorption, expansion ratio, cooking loss, and reduce the value of hardness and tensile strength. Dry noodles with the addition of tuna flour up to 20% could increase protein content up to 2.53 times compared to dry noodles control (without tuna fish flour) with 23.74% db. As conclusion, the use of tuna flour as a protein source in dried noodles could be done up to 20%.
Objectives This study was conducted to characterize lytic bacteriophages infecting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) on several types of food and analyze their ability as phage biocontrol to be used as a food preservative. Characterization was done for bacteriophage morphology and stability, along with the determination of minimum multiplicity of infection (miMOI), and application of bacteriophage in the food matrix. Results Out of the five samples, BL EPEC bacteriophage exhibited the highest titer of 2.05 × 109 PFU/mL, with a wide range of pH tolerance, and high thermal tolerance. BL EPEC also showed the least reduction after 168 h of incubation, with a rate of 0.90 × 10–3 log10 per hour. Bacteriophages from BL EPEC and CS EPEC showed an ideal value of miMOI of 0.01. As a food preservative, BL EPEC bacteriophage was able to reduce bacteria in food samples with a reduction above 0.24 log10 in lettuce and approximately 1.84 log10 in milk. From this study we found that BL EPEC bacteriophage showed the greatest potential to be used as phage biocontrol to improve food safety
Goat milk is widely consumed as a functional food. Milk’s derived bioactive peptides are the specific peptides which are produced by the degradation of milk protein by proteases enzyme and posseses a different positive properties such as antihypertensive, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiiflamatory and many more. The purpose of this research is to explore the antibacterial activity of fractionated bioactive peptides derived from the hydrolysis of goat milk casein and identify the peptide profiles using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Casein was isolated from fresh goat milk and then hydrolyzed by crude bromelain enzyme with an activity of 0.420 U/mL for 0, 1, 2, and 3 minutes at a temperature of 50oC. Profile analysis from bromelain hydrolyzates showed some protein bands with molecular weights from about 6.63 kDa to 7.32 kDa on SDS PAGE gel. The fractionation process was carried out on selected bromelain hydrolyzates using a 30 kDa and 10 kDa membrane Cut-Off. The antibacterial test results showed that the hydrolysates from B0 and B1 peptides showed inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus. The fractionation process increased the antibacterial activity of hydrolysates from peptides B0 and B1. Small molecular weight peptides have better inhibitory activity.
Milk bioactive peptides are derivative of milk protein produced either through enzymatic activity, digestive processes, or fermentation, that give functional properties. The study aimed to obtain bioactive peptides fraction derived from goat’s milk casein through hydrolysis by papain, analyze the profiles of protein and peptides, and also test the antioxidative activity. The casein isolate was hydrolyzed by papain in a ratio of 100: 0.5 (v/v) at pH 7.0 and 50ºC. Analysis of protein concentration was carried out by the Bradford method and protein profile by SDS-PAGE. Antioxidant assay was carried out by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. A 1,000 ppm ascorbic acid solution was used as positive control. Peptide fractionation was done by membrane filtration with a cut off of 10 kD and 30 kDa. The protein concentration of casein hydrolysates decreased significantly after hydrolysis process with papain. The electrophoresis results showed six protein bands in casein with molecular weight of 7-33 kDa. After the hydrolysis process, all hydrolysates only contained two protein bands with molecular weights of 8 and 5 kDa. The hydrolysis process increased the antioxidant activity of the casein. P0 and P2 hydrolysates had the highest antioxidant activity, and fractions with the highest antioxidant activity were fraction <10 kDa from P0 hydrolysate at 67.89% and 10-30 kDa from P2 hydrolysate at 73.82%. Molecular weight and hydrolysis time affected the antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates. Peptides below 30 kDa have antioxidant activity, whereas those above 30 kDa do not have any antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity of the peptides decreases upon hydrolysis for more then 2 minutes.
Sweet potato contains significant amount of endogenous amylase enzymes. The endogenous enzymes can be used in maltose production from sweet potatoes to carry out pre-hydrolysis of the starch to some extent, follow by complete hydrolysis using external enzymes. The main objective of the current study is to investigate the effect of particle size and solid to liquid ratio in hydrolysis process of sweet potato starch using endogenous enzymes. The extent of hydrolysis process is measured by dextrose equivalent of the crude maltose solution. Hydrolysis process consists of liquefaction and saccharification process. The liquefaction process is carried out at 71.5°C and pH 6 for 25 minutes while saccharification process is carried out at 53°C and pH 5,5 for 72 hours. Dextrose equivalent is measured using Lane-Eynon method. The results show that the access of enzyme to the potato tubers is the key to hydrolysis process. The smaller size of tubers gives bigger surface area while lower solid-to-liquid ratio increases enzyme mobility but decreases sugar concentration. Base on the results, a simulation shows that the pre-hydrolysis of sweet potatoes using endogenous enzymes can save almost a half of enzymes required for traditional hydrolysis process.
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