The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of difenoconazole (DFC)
on the activity of a few enzymes commonly found on soil: dehydrogenase,
urease, phosphatase and protease. Three experimental variants were
established: in field conditions with variable temperature (10-21 ?C,
variants A1-A3), under laboratory conditions with constant temperature (30
?C, variants B1-B3) and untreated soil (C variant). The commercial product
"Score 250EC" with 250 g DFC L-1 was used at the following concentrations:
0.037 mg DFC g-1 soil (variants A1 and B1), 0.075 mg DFC g-1 soil (variants
A2 and B2) and 0.150 mg DFC g-1 soil (variants A3 and B3). The dehydrogenase,
phosphatase and urease activities decreased significantly (p<0.05) both under
filed (variants A1-A3) and laboratory (variants B1-B3) conditions compared to
untreated soil (variant C). The protease activity was reduced in variants
A1-A3 compared to variant C and increased at the dose of 0.150 mg DFC g-1
soil in the variant B3.
Sulphonylureic herbicides have a broad spectrum effect on weeds in relatively low doses and with a much reduced toxicity to livestock. In this study, two herbicides: dacsulfuron with the active substance chlorsulfuron (0.005-0.035 µg g -1 soil) and butoxone with the active substance MCPB-Na (0.005-0.035 mg L -1 g -1 soil) were investigated. The samples were collected from a depth of 0-20 cm from chernozem soil. The effects of the herbicides were estimated by measuring the activities of catalase, actual and potential dehydrogenase, urease and cellulase. All samples were incubated for 10 days at 27 °C using Stapp medium for the isolation and study of cellulosolytic bacteria.The inhibitory effect of the tested herbicides was the most intense on the enzymatic activities of urease and dehydrogenase. The most resistant cellulosolytic bacteria to the effects of dacsulfuron were Cellfalcicula fusca, C. viridis, Cellvibrio fulvus and Cellfalcicula sp., and for butoxone C. mucosa, C. viridis and C. fulvus.
A molecular docking study was undertaken using the programs SwissDock and PatchDock to assess the interactions of the bacterial chitinases belonging to the GH18 and GH19 families with two herbicides (chlorsulfuron and nicosulfuron) and two fungicides (difenoconazole and drazoxolon). Both molecular docking programs predict that all considered pesticides bind to the active sites of chitinases produced by soil microorganisms. There are correlations for predicted binding energy values for receptor-ligand complexes obtained using the two programs consolidating the prediction of the chitinases-pesticides interactions. The interactions of chitinases with pesticides involve the same residues as their interactions with known inhibitors suggesting the inhibitory potential of pesticides. Pesticides interact stronger with chitinases belonging to the GH18 family, their active sites reflecting higher polarity than those of the GH19 chitinases. Also, herbicides reveal a higher inhibitory potential to bacterial chitinases than fungicides.
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