Arequipa, Peru’s second economic center hosting c. 1,110,000 inhabitants, is the largest South American city exposed to a large variety of natural hazards. At least 200,000 live in areas likely to be affected by hazards from El Misti volcano, located 17 km to the NE. A multidisciplinary project aims to address the impacts of tephra fall and frequent mass flows on the vulnerable building stock and roofs along two ravines that cross the city, enabling decision-makers to undertake retrofitting projects and improve urban risk planning. Two recent eruptions, that is, the 1440–1470 CE Vulcanian event and c. 2070 years BP Plinian eruption, were chosen as references for probable scenarios of potential tephra fall impacts from El Misti on the building roofs. Tephra fall impacts on the city depend on the eruptive style, column height, and patterns of wind directions and velocities over south Peru and roof mechanical resistance. Estimates of potential damage levels and cost range values rely on nine structural types and four classes of vulnerable roofs. Simulation runs of hyperconcentrated flows (HCF) and debris flows (DF), using three depth-averaged flow models (Titan2F, VolcFlow, and Flo-2D) along two drainage basins on the SW flank of El Misti and across Arequipa, examined three scenarios from a database of 39 recent events and other historical lahars. Simulation results showcase the extent toward the city, inundation depths ≤4.6 m, flow velocities ≤9 m/s, and dynamic pressure up to 100 kPa from three different magnitude HCFs and DFs. In both ravines, overbank flows occurred in key urban areas due to channel sinuosity and constrictions near bridges. Potential impacts on habitat stem from ranges of flow dynamic pressure and measurements of construction material. We estimated the monetary loss of buildings according to hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows scenarios to contribute to retrofitting procedure, implementation of defense work, and relocation policy.
En el presente artículo de investigación sobre el nacimiento del derecho moderno, se expone sobre sus relaciones con el dolor de los seres humanos, las concepciones idealistas defensoras de la autonomía del hombre, de sus culpas por el dolor y por el malestar de la humanidad. Metodológicamente, se aborda una serie de disertaciones filosóficas articuladas a un marco jurídico, centradas en: los efectos de la teodicea en la modernidad; la defensa de las bondades de Dios y el origen del mal en el mundo; los efectos y las causas de tribunalización al enemigo a través de las teorías de la Filosofía de la Historia y del Derecho moderno. Se concluye que es a partir del desprendimiento de los litigios metafísicos y teocéntricos del derecho en la Europa del siglo XVII que emerge el derecho moderno, el cual se embarca en la empresa de gestionar las prácticas relacionadas con el dolor de la sociedad antonómica para conseguir la justicia y arribar a la utopía y al progreso prometido por la Filosofía de la Historia.
En el anterior sentido, el presente artículo presenta un recuento sobre el relato de la teodicea y su estrecha relación con el nacimiento del Derecho Moderno y sus características propias como la libertad y la culpa sobre los seres humanos de su tiempo.
The computational program Titan2F, a two phase flow modeling program, is used to model several hypothetical scenarios of volcanic origin mud flows (lahars) in order to estimate the spacial and temporary evolution of this potentially destructive natural phenomena at its entrance of the city of Pasto, Colombia through the Mijitayo river basin. The predictions of the program suggest that extremely high and destructive dynamic pressures at the entrance to the city can be expected. In addition, our simulations show that half of the Tamasagra and El Bosque neighbors can be inundated with lahar depths of about 1 meter thickness. The program shows to be capable to deal with the modeling of the effect of the streets and buildings on the flow behavior, showing how the streets channelizes the flow governing the path of it. In addition, our results allow to identify regions where the flow loss most of its energy, where mitigation of risk can be suggested.
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