Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is positive gram bacteria which often infect humans. The use of antibiotic for therapy is the factor of resistance. S. aureus resistant towards some biotic like tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, ampicilin, eritromisin and penicillin. The increase of the resistance demands more findings on new drugs. Ethanol extracts of cocoa beans has a block capacity towards the growth of S. aureus via in vitro. The effect of antibacterial of ethanol extracts has already been proved. However, its morphology changes on S. aureus after given ethanol extracts of cocoa beans is not found yet. This research is aimed at studying the morphological changes on S. aureus after given ethanol extracts of cocoa beans. The research design is Quasi Experimental with Posttest Only Control Group Design. The sample used is S. aureus whereas the material tests is ethanol extracts of cocoa beans in concentration of 31.2 mg/mL; 15.6 mg/mL and 7.8 mg/mL. The negative control is sterile aquades and the positive control is cephalexin suspension 4 ug/mL. The method for observing the S. aureus morphology change is scanning electronic microscope. The research result shows that there is a morphology change. Given ethanol extracts of cacao seed at 7,8 mg/mL and 15,6 mg/mL, there is enlargement of wall cell and the unity of septum. And at 31,25 mg/mL, there is protrusion at the wall cell and enlargement of wall cell.Keywords: Antimikrobial, Cacao, SEM, Staphylococcus aureus.

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Food-borne diseases can be transmitted through raw vegetables contaminated with bacteria and intestinal parasites. The study aimed to determine bacteria and intestinal parasites that contaminate raw vegetables in traditional markets. In this study, we collected raw vegetables from eight traditional markets. We chose randomly at each market five samples of vegetables that usually consumed in raw, like lettuce, tomato, cabbage, basil, long bean, and cucumber. The bacteria were identified by culture and microbiological test and the intestinal parasites were identified using sedimentation and floatation methods. This study showed that all of raw vegetables were contaminated with <em>Escherichia coli</em> (E. coli) (91%), <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (84%), and <em>Vibrio cholera</em> (79%). Besides bacteria, 36% of samples were contaminated by soil-transmitted helminths (STH), and intestinal protozoa contaminated 27% of samples. Lettuce was the most contaminated vegetable with bacteria and intestinal parasites. The results of this study proved that there was bacterial contamination as well as intestinal parasites in raw vegetables sold in traditional markets which could be a source of spread of food-borne diseases. Therefore, handling raw vegetables properly is needed as an effort to prevent it.

Pneumonia is a respiratory tract infection that attacks the pulmonary parenchyma. This disease can be caused by bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics have an important role to play in reducing the morbidity and mortality incidence of pneumonia, but currently, the incidence of resistance antibiotics is increased. The purpose of this study was to determine the sensitivity of antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus in pneumatic sputum patients. The design of this study was observational descriptive, using sputum samples from pneumonia patients in Subandi and Paru Jember hospitals in November to December 2018. The identification of bacteria in sputum was continued by testing the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics. The antibiotics used in this study were chloramphenicol, gentamicin, amikacin, levofloxacin, ampicillin-sulbactam, cotrimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin — data obtained in the frequency distribution table. Of the ten sputum that was successfully cultured, four Gram-negative bacilli bacteria and six Gram-positive coccus bacteria were obtained. The results approved the six Gram-positive coccus bacteria, detected as Staphylococcus aureus. The antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to ampicillin-sulbactam was high. Keywords: antibiotic sensitivity, bacteria, pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein, 1884) can cause disease with high morbidity and mortality in children under 2 yr of age, parents, and individuals with low immunity. Amount one of the diseases that can be caused by these bacteria is pneumonia. To prevent the spread of pneumonia, intranasal immunization has been developed in several studies because of its ability to improve mucosal and systemic immune responses. To prevent the attachment of bacteria to the epithelial surface of the respiratory tract, it would be more effective if intranasal immunization uses a vaccine from bacterial pili protein. The purpose of this study was to conducted to determine the ability of S. pneumoniae bacterial pili protein with a molecular weight of 54 kDa in increasing the concentration of mucosal and systemic antibodies through intranasal administration. Setting and design in this study using pure 54 kDa pili protein was used as an antigen to immunize Wistar mice. Mucosal antibodies were identified by the presence of sIgA in nasal washings and systemic antibodies determined from serum IgA and IgG. Statistical analysis used ANOVA. Mice immunized with combination adjuvant-antigens had higher levels of sIgA, IgA, and IgG than other groups. ANOVA statistical tests showed significant differences in sIgA and IgA levels between rats immunized with antigen-adjuvants and other groups. However, there is no significant difference from serum IgG. This study showed an intranasal immunization of 54 kDa hemagglutinin pili protein S. pneumoniae increased the concentration of sIgA, serum IgA and IgG.