A measurement scale is described as a contribution to the field of ICT (information and communications technology) integration in a particular set of dimensions partially explored in the scientific literature. The institutional conditions for ICT integration has been recently studied as determinant for successful educational innovation. This work describes four dimensions that are necessary to understand those institutional conditions: technology leadership, management of innovation with ICT, and the appropriation of ICT policies at institutional and individual levels. The principal contribution of this work is to provide a valid and reliable scale (α=.96) with metric properties that are useful for researchers on ICT in education. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrates the grouping of the items in the proposed subscales and their relevance to understand the institutional condition for ICT innovation. The scale allows the institutional diagnosis in relation to the conditions that are decisive for the successful integration of ICT as support for educational innovation processes.
Anxiety in sports has been widely studied by professionals in sports sciences. However, the effect of perceived difficulty and Trait-anxiety on precompetitive State-anxiety is unknown. Through a non-experimental and longitudinal design, this article studied: (i)the effect of the perceived competition difficulty (easy, moderate, and hard) on State-anxiety and, (ii)the effect of Trait-anxiety, sex, and age on the behavior of State-anxiety. Seventy-nine young swimmers (Mage= 13.3, SD= 1.9) male (n= 58, 73.4%) and female (n= 21, 26.6%) were assessed via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The Anova and Manova indicated that the perceived difficulty of the competition affects State-anxiety. Therefore, a higher perception of task difficulty is associated with higher State-anxiety. Additionally, the interaction of sex, age and Trait-anxiety did not show an effect on State-anxiety (p> .05). The interaction of age and Trait-anxiety showed an effect (p> .05). A main effect of Trait-Anxiety on State-anxiety was observed in the perception of easy and hard difficulty. In conclusion, the perceived difficulty the competition affects the athlete's State-anxiety. Resumen: La ansiedad en el deporte ha sido ampliamente estudiada por profesionales de las ciencias del deporte. Sin embargo, se desconoce el efecto de la dificultad percibida y el rasgo de ansiedad sobre el estado de ansiedad precompetitivo. Mediante un diseño no experimental y longitudinal, este artículo estudió: (i) el efecto de la percepción del nivel de dificultad competitivo (fácil, moderado y difícil) sobre la Ansiedad-Estado y (ii)el efecto de la Ansiedad-Rasgo, sexo y edad sobre el comportamiento de la Ansiedad-Estado. Setenta y nueve nadadores juveniles (Medad= 13.3, SD = 1,9) hombres (n = 58, 73,4%) y mujeres (n= 21, 26,6%) fueron evaluados a través del Inventario de Ansiedad Estado y Rasgo (STAI). El Anova y Manova indicaron que la percepción del nivel de dificultad afecta la Ansiedad Estado. Por tanto, una mayor percepción del nivel de dificultad de la competencia se asocia con una mayor Ansiedad-Estado. Además, la interacción entre sexo, edad y Ansiedad Rasgo no mostró efecto sobre la Ansiedad-Estado (p> .05). La interacción de la edad y el Ansiedad-Rasgo mostró un efecto significativo (p> .05). En cambio, se observó un efecto principal de la Ansiedad-Rasgo sobre la Ansiedad-Estado en la percepción de dificultad fácil y difícil. En conclusión, la percepción del nivel de dificultad de competencia afecta Ansiedad-Estado del nadador.
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