The gut microbiota has been shown to play a role in energy metabolism of the host. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may predispose to obesity on the one hand, and stunting on the other. The aim of the study was to study the difference in gut microbiota composition of stunted Indonesian children and children of normal nutritional status between 3 and 5 years. Fecal samples and anthropometric measurements, in addition to economic and hygiene status were collected from 78 stunted children and 53 children with normal nutritional status in two regions in Banten and West Java provinces: Pandeglang and Sumedang, respectively. The gut microbiota composition was determined by sequencing amplicons of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The composition was correlated to nutritional status and anthropometric parameters. Macronutrient intake was on average lower in stunted children, while energy-loss in the form of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA) appeared to be higher in stunted children. In stunted children, at the phylum level the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes (44.4%) was significantly lower than in normal children (51.3%; p-value 2.55*10−4), while Firmicutes was significantly higher (45.7% vs. 39.8%; p-value 5.89*10−4). At the genus level, overall Prevotella 9 was the most abundant genus (average of 27%), and it was significantly lower in stunted children than in normal children (23.5% vs. 30.5%, respectively; q-value 0.059). Thirteen other genera were significantly different between stunted and normal children (q-value < 0.1), some of which were at low relative abundance and present in only a few children. Prevotella 9 positively correlated with height (in line with its higher relative abundance in normal children) and weight. In conclusion, Prevotella 9, which was the most abundant genus in the children, was significantly lower in stunted children. The abundance of Prevotella has been correlated with dietary fibre intake, which was lower in these stunted children. Since fibres are fermented by the gut microbiota into SCFA, and these SCFA are a source of energy for the host, increasing the proportion of Prevotella in stunted children may be of benefit. Whether this would prevent the occurrence of stunting or even has the potential to revert it, remains to be seen in follow up research.

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by the spirochete bacteria Leptospira spp. and is commonly found throughout the world. Diagnosis of leptospirosis performed by culture and microscopic agglutination tests is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, we aimed to develop a novel immunochromatography (ICG)-based method for detecting Leptospira antigen in the urine of patients and animals. We used the 1H6 monoclonal antibody (MAb), which is specific to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is common among Leptospira spp. The MAb was coupled to 40-nm-diameter colloidal gold, and the amounts of labeled antibody and immobilized antibody were 23 g and 2 g per test, respectively. Several strains of Leptospira and other bacterial species were used to evaluate the sensitivities and specificities of the assays we developed. The detection limit of the assays was 10 6 cells/ml when disrupted whole bacterial cells were used. The assays were Leptospira specific since they did not cross-react with non-Leptospira bacteria used in the study. Application of diagnostic assays was done on the urine samples of 46 Leptospira-infected hamsters, 44 patients with suspected leptospirosis, and 14 healthy individuals. Pretreatment of the urine samples by boiling and centrifugation (for ultrafiltration and concentration) eliminated nonspecific reactions that occurred in the assay. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICG-based lateral flow assay (LFA) were 89% and 87%, respectively, which were higher than those of the dipstick assay, which were 80% and 74%, respectively. In summary, this ICG-based LFA can be used as an alternative diagnostic assay for leptospirosis. Further development is still necessary to improve the assay.

The study about Leptospira, particularly pathogenic strain, was conducted in the flood‐prone area in the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. The aim of this study was to discover and identify the serovars of pathogenic Leptospira in the environment, which might infect human during flooding. Seventy‐three samples, consisted of 36 samples of environmental water and 37 samples of soil, were collected from 5 districts of Jakarta. Their pH was measured, and the samples were then cultured in a modified Korthof's medium with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) addition. Polymerase chain reaction, targeted on 23S rDNA (rrl), FlaB and LipL32 genes, was performed to identify Leptospira genus and differentiate the pathogenic. Identification of the pathogenic Leptospira was done utilising DNA sequencing. Seven samples showed amplification of rrl‐gene. flaB and lipl32‐PCR assay indicated one positive amplification band, each. Confirmation of flaB and lipl32 amplicons by DNA sequencing and BLAST analysis showed flaB amplicon (G1B; GenBank accession number ) had 94% similarity with L. licerasiae (), while lipl32 amplicon was not identified as lipl32 of Leptospira. Based on those results, one intermediate pathogenic and six saprophytic Leptospira were obtained from the environment in Jakarta.

Clerkship students potentially transmit CA-MRSA bacteria to patients, so it is necessary to do early detection and appropriate treatment to prevent transmission. The research objective was to determine the sensitivity pattern of Staphyllococcus aureus nasal and throat swabs isolated from students to antibiotics. This research is descriptive-analytic with nasal and throat swab samples of healthy students. Each sample was obtained 60 nose and 60 throat swabs. The identification of S. aureus was carried out by macroscopic, gram staining, catalase test, and MSA test. Sensitivity pattern test using the Kirby-Bauer method. Statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney. The result shows that S. aureus isolated from nasal swabs was 23.3% and throat by 10%. The positive prevalence of MRSA carriers was 1.7%. All isolates were sensitive to Methicillin, Vancomycin, Imipenem, Ofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin, and were resistant to Penicillin. There was no difference between the number of S. aureus isolates from nose and throat swabs (p> 0.05). It was concluded that S. aureus was more common in nasal than in the throat isolate. The positive prevalence of MRSA carriers among students is 1.7%. All isolates sensitive to Methicillin, Vancomycin, Imipenem, Ofloxacin, and Ciprofloxacin but were resistant to Penicillin.

Background. New cases of HIV among adolescent population continue to increase every year, yet their knowledge level about HIV-AIDS is still low. DKI Jakarta is the province with the highest number of HIV-AIDS cases. Purpose. Increase the comprehensive knowledge of HIV-AIDS in students with YARSI HIV-AIDS Care Smart Cards. Method. Participants of 70 students from SMA 27 Jakarta were assessed regarding knowledge and attitudes towards HIV-AIDS before and after educational game. The Yarsi HIV-AIDS Care Smart Cards were played in small groups (7 students) guided by mentors. Result. There is an increase in knowledge of HIV-AIDS after educational games and a posirive change in attitude towards HIV-AIDS. Conclusion. Yarsi HIV-AIDS Care Smart Cards have been proven effective in increasing knowledge and changing attitudes to be positive about HIV-AIDS.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by pathogenic organisms belong to the genus Leptospira, which are transmitted directly or indirectly from animals to humans. Most countries in the Southeast Asia regions are endemic for leptospirosis. The incidence of leptospirosis is strongly influenced by various socio-cultural, occupational, behavioral, and environmental factors. The amount of risk depends on the prevalence of Leptospira in the local area and the frequency of exposure. One of the tests to confirm the diagnosis of leptospirosis is by isolating Leptospira bacteria with culture and molecular examination of a person's body fluid specimens such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine. To identify Leptospira bacteria in leptospirosis cases in humans, urine samples can be used. This examination is the development of methods used in medical science to diagnose leptospirosis. One of the verses in the Qur’an regarding science is "He is the One Who created everything in the earth for you. Then He turned towards the heaven, forming it into seven heavens. And He has ˹perfect˺ knowledge of all things.” (Surah Al-Baqarah [2]: 29). From this verse, it can be concluded that Allah SWT created something on this earth, including urine in it, with the intent and purpose for all of His creation, so that his servants understand and worship Allah SWT and carry out their obligations as caliphs on this earth. According to the Islamic view, identification of Leptospira bacteria in the urine of workers is permissible because science and religion are related.

Leptospirosis is zoonotic disease, caused by spirochete-bacteria Leptospira, transmitted by excreted urine of rodent into the environment. Sanitary workers had high-risk of Leptospira infection due to frequent exposure to contaminated environment, which could cause asymptomatic leptospiruria (the presence of leptospira in urine) and severe complications, such as chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to find leptospiruria in sanitary workers, using PCR method, targeting specific genes of Leptospira. Urine samples and questionnaires were obtained from fifteen sanitary workers. Samples were cultured in EMJH-broth with addition of 5-fluorouracil, incubated for 3 months and observed for growth of bacteria using dark-field microscope.  Identification of bacteria was performed by PCR, targeting lipl32, rrl, flaB, ompL1 genes, followed by sequencing using Sanger method, alignment using ClustalW and BLAST. The questionnaires result showed that 26,7% of respondent had medium level of risk factors, and 53,3% of respondent had applied good prevention for leptospirosis. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was relationship between risk factors and prevention. Culture result showed growth in four samples, and analysis by PCR only showed rrl-PCR had expected amplicon. However sequencing result showed that the amplicon had 99% homogeneity to Pseudomonas stutzeri. In conclusion, Leptospira was not found in the urine of sanitary worker, might be due to applied good prevention for leptospirosis.Keywords: Leptospira, Leptospiruria, Sanitary Worker, Risk Factors ABSTRAK Leptospirosis adalah penyakit zoonosis, yang disebabkan oleh bacteria Leptospira Sp., ditularkan melalui urin hewan pengerat yang dikeluarkan ke lingkungan. Pekerja sanitasi memiliki risiko tinggi terinfeksi Leptospira karena sering terpapar lingkungan yang terkontaminasi, yang dapat menyebabkan leptospiruria (adanya liptospira dalam urin) tanpa gejala, dan komplikasi berat, seperti penyakit ginjal kronis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan leptospiruria pada petugas kebersihan, menggunakan metode PCR, menargetkan gen spesifik Leptospira. Sampel urin dan kuesioner diperoleh dari lima belas petugas kebersihan. Sampel dikultur dalam EMJH-broth dengan penambahan 5-fluorouracil, diinkubasi selama 3 bulan dan diamati pertumbuhan bakterinya menggunakan mikroskop medan gelap. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan PCR, menargetkan gen lipl32, rrl, flaB, ompL1, dilanjutkan dengan sequencing menggunakan metode Sanger, alignment menggunakan ClustalW dan BLAST. Hasil kuesioner menunjukkan bahwa 26,7% responden memiliki faktor risiko tingkat sedang, dan 53,3% responden telah menerapkan pencegahan leptospirosis yang baik. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara faktor risiko dan pencegahan. Hasil kultur menunjukkan pertumbuhan pada keempat sampel, dan analisis dengan PCR hanya menunjukkan rrl-PCR memiliki amplikon yang diharapkan. Namun hasil sekuensing menunjukkan bahwa amplikon memiliki homogenitas 99% terhadap Pseudomonas stutzeri. Kesimpulannya, Leptospira tidak ditemukan dalam urin petugas kebersihan, mungkin karena penerapan pencegahan leptospirosis yang baik.Kata kunci: Leptospira, Leptospiruria, Petugas Kebersihan, Faktor Risiko

Leptospirosis termasuk re-emerging disease dan sering menjadi wabah setelah bencana banjir. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri Leptospira patogen yang ditansmisikan secara langsung lewat hewan terinfeksi atau tidak langsung melalui lingkungan yang terkontaminasi urin hewan tersebut. Studi mengenai Leptospira yang ada di lingkungan perairan daerah rawan banjir dilakukan untuk mengetahui penyebaran Leptospira, terutama strain patogen, sehingga dapat dilakukan antisipasi pencegahan. Sampel dikumpulkan dan diukur pHnya dari 20 penampungan air, seperti waduk, danau, sungai, selokan air, di daerah rawan banjir di Jakarta, dan dikultur pada medium Korthof modifikasi mengandung 5-fluorouracil. Pengamatan hasil kultur dilakukan dengan mikroskop lapang gelap selama satu bulan. Diferensiasi Leptospira dilakukan dengan deteksi gen flaB. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa 75% dari sampel yang diperoleh, positif Leptospira. Ph sampel air sebesar 6,6–7,9 masih sesuai untuk pertumbuhan Leptospira. Analisis dengan gen flaB menunjukkan bahwa Leptospira yang diisolasi termasuk jenis saprofit.