COVID-19 has affected all peoples' lives. Though COVID-19 is on the rising, the existence of misinformation about the virus also grows in parallel. Additionally, the spread of misinformation has created confusion among people, caused disturbances in society, and even led to deaths. Social media is central to our daily lives. The Internet has become a significant source of knowledge. Owing to the widespread damage caused by fake news, it is important to build computerized systems to detect fake news. The paper proposes an updated deep neural network for identification of false news. The deep learning techniques are The Modified-LSTM (one to three layers) and The Modified GRU (one to three layers).In particular, we carry out investigations of a large dataset of tweets passing on data with respect to COVID-19. In our study, we separate the dubious claims into two categories: true and false. We compare the performance of the various algorithms in terms of prediction accuracy. The six machine learning techniques are decision trees, logistic regression, k nearest neighbors, random forests, support vector machines, and naïve Bayes (NB). The parameters of deep learning techniques are optimized using Keras-tuner. Four Benchmark datasets were used. Two feature extraction methods were used (TF-ID with N-gram) to extract essential features from the four benchmark datasets for the baseline machine learning model and word embedding feature extraction method for the proposed deep neural network methods. The results obtained with the proposed framework reveal high accuracy in detecting Fake and non-Fake tweets containing COVID-19 information. These results demonstrate significant improvement as compared to the existing state of art results of baseline machine learning models. In our approach, we classify the data into two categories: fake or nonfake. We compare the execution of the proposed approaches with Six machine learning procedures. The six machine learning procedures are Decision Tree (DT), Logistic Regression (LR), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Naive Bayes (NB). The parameters of deep learning techniques are optimized using Keras-tuner. Four Benchmark datasets were used. Two feature extraction methods were used (TF-ID with N-gram) to extract essential features from the four benchmark datasets for the baseline machine learning model and word embedding feature extraction method for the proposed deep neural network methods. The results obtained with the proposed framework reveal high accuracy in detecting Fake and non-Fake tweets containing COVID-19 information. These results demonstrate significant improvement as compared to the existing state of art results of baseline machine learning models.
Economic load dispatch (ELD) in power system problems involves scheduling the power generating units to minimize cost and satisfy system constraints. Although previous works propose solutions to reduce CO2 emission and production cost, an optimal allocation needs to be considered on both cost and emission-leading to combined economic and emission dispatch (CEED). Metaheuristic optimization algorithms perform relatively well on ELD problems. The gradient-based optimizer (GBO) is a new metaheuristic algorithm inspired by Newton's method that integrates both the gradient search rule and local escaping operator. The GBO maintains a good balance between exploration and exploitation. Also, the possibility of the GBO getting stuck in local optima and premature convergence is rare. This paper tests the performance of GBO in solving ELD and CEED problems. We test the performance of GBO on ELD for various scenarios such as ELD with transmission losses, CEED, CEED with valve point effect, and other various test networks. The experimental results revealed that GBO has been obtained better results compared to eight other metaheuristic algorithms such as Slime mould algorithm (SMA), Elephant herding optimization (EHO), Monarch butterfly optimization (MBO), Moth search algorithm (MSA), Earthworm optimization algorithm (EWA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) Algorithm, Tunicate Swarm Algorithm (TSA) and Chimp Optimization Algorithm (ChOA). Therefore, the simulation results showed the competitive performance of GBO as compared to other benchmark algorithms.INDEX TERMS Gradient-Based Optimizer (GBO); Economic Load Dispatch (ELD); Combined Economic and Emission Dispatch (CEED); Metaheuristics; Optimization.
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