In this paper, a quantum identity authentication protocol is presented based on the counterfactual quantum key distribution system. Utilizing the proposed protocol, two participants can verify each other’s identity through the counterfactual quantum communication system. The security of the protocol is proved against individual attacks. Furthermore, according to the characteristics of the counterfactual quantum key distribution system, we propose an authenticated counterfactual quantum key distribution protocol based on a novel strategy of mixing the two types of quantum cryptographic protocols randomly. The authenticated quantum key distribution can also be used to update the extent of the authentication keys.
In this paper, we propose a quantum-key-distribution-based quantum private query protocol (QKD-based QPQ) utilizing the uncertainty relation of the photon path and the interference result in the single-photon interference circuit. The proposed protocol is loss-tolerant and easy to be realized in the quantum communication systems based on single-photon interference. Without any assumption on the dishonest party's computation ability, we prove that the dishonest user can only steal a little more than one item from the database, and any dishonest action of the database would be found by the user with a nonzero probability. Compared with other QKD-based QPQ protocols utilizing single-photon interference, the proposed protocol uses less quantum devices, which means the costs of the proposed protocol is lower. INDEX TERMS Quantum information processing, quantum key distribution, quantum private query.
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