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In this paper, we make a liquidity adjustment to the consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) and show that the liquidity-adjusted CCAPM is a generalized model of Acharya and Pedersen (2005). Using different proxies for transaction costs such as the effective trading costs measure of Hasbrouck (2009) JEL classification: G12; G14

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This paper examines stock liquidity in explaining the mixed relations between financial constraints and stock returns and the pricing of stock liquidity across financially constrained and unconstrained firms. We find a negative relation in liquid portfolios and a positive relation in illiquid portfolios. Financially constrained firms have higher liquidity risk and earn a higher illiquidity premium than unconstrained firms. Financial constraints cannot be independently priced in stock returns and can only be priced in conjunction with stock liquidity in bad economic times. Stock liquidity is independently priced for financially constrained firms or in good times, but not for unconstrained firms.

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This paper comprehensively examines the performance of a host of popular variables to predict Bitcoin returns. We show that time-series momentum, economic policy uncertainty, and financial uncertainty outperform other predictors in all in-sample, out-of-sample, and asset allocation tests.Bitcoin returns have no exposure to common stock and bond market factors but rather are affected by Bitcoin-specific and external uncertainty factors.