Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a non-enveloped and single-stranded DNA virus. This virus is belonging to parvoviridae family that necessitates quickly dividing cells to replicate. On the other hand, it is extremely hardy, withstanding many common disinfectants and staying alive for months to years in ground surface or on fomites. This virion is an icosahedral symmetry. It has rough surface and form a triangular units. The parvoviruses have two sizes of viral proteins: small (VP2–5) and large (VP1). This virus is classified into three strains that widely recognized: CPV2a, CPV2b and CPV2c. It is extremely contagious and therefore is distributed from canine to canine via fecal oral contact. It has been reported worldwide. Sources of stress includes early weaning, overcrowding, and parasite load. On the other hand, lacking of the active or passive immunity, geographic area, and the incidence of other pathogens are all related to the development of clinical parvovirus disease. Puppies have been identified to have a more severe case of the disease than older dogs. There are two clinical forms: gastro-enteritis and myocarditis. The gastroenteritis form is general in dogs, while the myocarditis form is public in puppies. The symptoms of the disease include fever, leucopenia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration. This disease was primarily controlled through hygienic measures and vaccination. The interference of maternal antibodies is thought to be a main reason of CPV immunization failures in puppies. The viral diagnosis is confirmed using different laboratory methods such as direct and indirect examination. The direct methods include viral isolation, detection of viral morphology, detection of viral antigen and detection of viral genome. As well as the indirect methods include detection the specific antibodies against virus.
As seen by prior tragic outbreaks in many places throughout the world, the foot and mouth disease virus, or "FMDV," is one of the most critical challenges in animal health. In this review, the major features of FMDV, as well as aspects of its interactions with cells and hosts, were discussed. On the other hand, present and upcoming FMD treatment approaches. The first vertebrate virus found was the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). A capsid protein and the viral genome (+ve sense single strand RNA) make up FMDV. The icosahedral symmetry of the viral structure is made up of structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) as well as non-structural proteins (L, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D). The viral replication takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Because FMDV has a short incubation period, it spreads quickly. Direct contact is the most often used method of FMDV transmission. The occurrence of direct contact via aerosol and mechanical transmission (fomites, feed, and water). The immunological response is stimulated by the infection with FMD. However, due to virus antigenic diversity, the immune response does not always protect against FMD (antigenic shift). FMDV is divided into seven serotypes based on antigenic variation. O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1 are the serotypes in question. O is the most frequent serotype.
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