Gold/chitosan nanocomposites were synthesized and evaluated as a therapeutic agent for the photothermal therapy. Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with controllable optical absorption in the near infrared (NIR) region were prepared by the reaction of chloroauric acid and sodium thiosulfate. To apply these particles to cancer therapy, the bare Au NPs were coated with chitosan (CS), O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), and a blend of CS and CMCS for utilizations in physiologic conditions. The surface properties, optical stability, and photothermal ablation efficiency on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and human dermal fibroblast cells (HDF) demonstrate that these gold nanocomposites have great potential as a therapeutic agent inin vitrotests. The CS-coated nanocomposites show the highest efficiency for the photo-ablation on the HepG2 cells, and the CS and CMCS blended coated particles show the best discrimination between the cancer cell and normal cells. The well-controlled NIR absorption and the biocompatible surface of these nanocomposites allow low-power NIR laser activation and low-dosage particle injection for the cancer cell treatment.
Connectivity has a major role in current transformation of smart manufacturing. 5G is foreseen as integral part of an end-to-end networking infrastructure supporting smart manufacturing operation. The integration of 5G with Time Sensitive Networking is seen as a holistic communication solution for smart factories. The next generation of industrialization consists of real-time processes, automation, fixed and cellular networks and high diversity of devices. The integration of fixed and cellular devices in a single infrastructure to enable end-to-end deterministic communications requires high accuracy of time synchronization. The transport technologies in fixed networks have been evolving towards Time-Sensitive Networking and Deterministic Networking to fulfil the requirements for industrial communications. The latest cellular specifications for 5G are targeting ultra-reliable and low-latency communications that enable Industrial Internet of Things. This paper describes the state of the art for integrating TSN with 5G networks based on the support given in 3GPP TS 23.501 Release 16 [11]. The requirements for time synchronization in factory automation and integration with 5G networks are presented, together with the most recent advancements in the standardization process.
In this paper, we propose a communication network architecture for industrial applications that combines new 5G technologies with other existing communication technologies on the shop floor. This architecture connects private and public mobile networks with local networking technologies to achieve a flexible setup addressing many different industrial use cases. We show how the advancements introduced around the new 5G mobile technology can address a wide range of industrial requirements. We further describe relevant use cases and develop an overall communication system architecture proposal, which is able to fulfill not only technical requirements but also system requirements, which result from specific applications existing in today’s and future manufacturing scenarios.
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